Proto-Indo-Eropa

Proto-Indo-Eropa adalah bangsa prasejarah Eurasia yang memakai bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa (PIE), leluhur dari rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa menurut rekonstruksi linguistik.

Pengetahuan mereka utamanya datang dari rekonstruksi tersebut, bersama dengan bukti materil dari arkeologi dan arkeogenetik. Bangsa Proto-Indo-Eropa tampaknya hidup pada akhir zaman Neolitikum, atau sekitar milenium ke-4 SM. Para cendekiawan umum menempatkan mereka dalam zona stepa-hitam sampai utara ujung barat stepa Pontik-Kaspia di Eropa Timur. Beberapa arkeolog menentukan kedalaman waktu PIE sampai pertengahan Neolitikum (5500 sampai 4500 SM) atau bahkan Neolitikum awal (7500 sampai 5500 SM), dan mensugestikan hipotesis-hipotesis lokasi alternatif.

Pada awal milenium kedua SM, bangsa Proto-Indo-Eropa mencapai wilayah terjauh dan terbesar di Eurasia, yang meliputi Anatolia (Hittites), Aegea (Yunani Mikenaea), Eropa Barat (budaya Corded Ware), tepi Asia Tengah (budaya Yamna), dan selatan Siberia (budaya Afanasevo).^[1]

Referensi sunting

^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 4 and 6 (Afanasevo), 13 and 16 (Anatolia), 243 (Greece), 127–128 (Corded Ware), and 653 (Yamna). ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Diakses tanggal 24 March 2012.

Sumber sunting

Sumber cetak

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Jones, Eppie R. (2015). "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians". Nature Communications. 6: 8912. doi:10.1038/ncomms9912. PMC 4660371  . PMID 26567969.
Lazaridis, Iosif (2014). "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans". Nature. 513: 409–413. doi:10.1038/nature13673. PMC 4170574  . PMID 25230663.
Lazaridis, Iosif (2016), The genetic structure of the world’s first farmers (PDF), bioRxiv.org
Watkins, Calvert (2000), "Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (edisi ke-4th), Houghton Mifflin Company, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 March 2009

Sumber web

Bacaan tambahan sunting

Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05887-3.
Atkinson, Q. D.; Nicholls, G.; Welch, D.; Gray, R. D. (2005). "From Words to Dates: Water into wine, mathemagic or phylogenetic inference?". Transactions of the Philological Society. 103 (2): 193–219.
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (2000). "Genes, Peoples, and Languages". New York: North Point Press. .
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Mallory, J.P. (1989). "In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth". London: Thames & Hudson. .
Piazza, Alberto; Cavalli Sforza, Luigi (12 – 15 April 2006). "Diffusion of Genes and Languages in Human Evolution". Dalam Cangelosi, Angelo; Smith, Andrew D M; Smith, Kenny. The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Evolution of Language (EVOLANG6). Rome: World Scientific. hlm. 255–266. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-10. Diakses tanggal 8 August 2007. .
Renfrew, Colin (1987). Archaeology & Language. The Puzzle of the Indo-European Origins. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-02495-7
Sykes, Brian. The seven daughters of Eve (London, Corgi Books 2001)
Watkins, Calvert. (1995) How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wells, Spencer (2002). "The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey". Princeton University Press. .

Pranala luar sunting

Indo-European Roots Index di Wayback Machine (diarsipkan tanggal 22 January 2009) from The American Heritage Dictionary
Kurgan culture Diarsipkan 2005-08-27 di Wayback Machine.

Genetics

[Mallory1997-1] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 4 and 6 (Afanasevo), 13 and 16 (Anatolia), 243 (Greece), 127–128 (Corded Ware), and 653 (Yamna). ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Diakses tanggal 24 March 2012.

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