Kawasan Arkeologis Baktria–Margiana

Kawasan Arkeologis Baktria–Margiana (atau hanya disingkat Baktria–Margiana), juga dikenal sebagai Peradaban Oxus,^[1]^[2] adalah sebutan arkeologi modern untuk peradaban Zaman Perunggu di Asia Tengah yang pernah berlangsung sekitar pada tahun 2250–1700 SM, atau diperkirakan pada tahun 2400–1900 SM oleh Sandro Salvatori,^[1] dalam fase perkotaan atau Era Integrasi.^[3]

Kawasan Baktria-Margiana (BMAC), diarsir warna merah, menurut *Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture*.

Meskipun dikenal juga sebagai Peradaban Oxus yang terletak di hulu Amu Darya (Sungai Oxus) in Baktria, sebagian besar situs perkotaan peradaban Baktria–Margiana tidak terletak di sana, tetapi di Margiana (Turkmenistan) di delta Sungai Murghab, dan di Kopet Dagh. Ada juga beberapa situs (kebanyakan kuburan) di Uzbekistan selatan (Baktria utara) tetapi justru merujuk ke Kebudayaan Sapalli (kira-kira 2000-1500 SM).^[4] Di Afghanistan utara (Baktria selatan), hanya ada situs Dashly, tetapi situs lebih jauh ke timur, di Tajikistan barat daya, meskipun terkait dengan situs Margiana utama, peninggalan itu hanya kuburan tanpa sisa perkotaan yang terkait dengannya.^[5]

Situs Baktria-Margiana ditemukan dan diberi nama oleh arkeolog asal Uni Soviet bernama Viktor Sarianidi (1976). Baktria adalah nama Yunani untuk wilayah Baktra (Balkh modern), di tempat yang sekarang menjadi Afghanistan utara, dan Margiana adalah nama Yunani untuk kegubernuran Persia Kuno yang merujuk ke Marguš, ibu kotanya adalah Merv, di Turkmenistan tenggara modern.

Penggalian Sarianidi dari akhir 1970-an dan seterusnya mengungkapkan banyak struktur monumen di banyak situs, dibentengi oleh tembok dan gerbang yang mengesankan. Sebagian besar laporan Baktria-Margiana terbatas pada jurnal Soviet yang berbahasa Rusia.^[6] Seorang wartawan dari The New York Times menulis pada tahun 2001 bahwa dia berpikir bahwa selama tahun-tahun Uni Soviet, temuan tersebut sebagian besar tidak diketahui oleh Dunia Barat sampai karya Sarianidi mulai diterjemahkan pada 1990-an.[^[7] Namun, beberapa terbitan oleh penulis Soviet, seperti Masson, Sarianidi, Atagarryev, dan Berdiev, telah tersedia di dalam bahasa-bahasa Dunia Barat setidaknya sejak tahun 1970-an.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

Situs sunting

Di Afghanistan:

Dashli, Provinsi Jowzjan
Khush Tepe (Fullol)

Di Turkmenistan:

Di Uzbekistan:

Lihat pula sunting

Referensi sunting

Catatan kaki sunting

^ ^a ^b Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020b). "Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): an overview" , in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), The World of the Oxus Civilization, Routledge, London and New York, p. 32.: "...Salvatori has often dated its beginning very early (ca. 2400 BC), to make it match with Shahdad where a large amount of material similar to that of the BMAC has been discovered. With the start of international cooperation and the multiplication of analyses, the dates now admitted by all place the Oxus Civilization between 2250 and 1700 BC, while its final phase extends until ca. 1500 BC..."
^ Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020a). "Introduction", in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), The World of the Oxus Civilization, Routledge, London and New York, p. 1 : "The Oxus Civilization, also named the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or Culture) (BMAC), developed in southern Central Asia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age and lasted for about half a millennium (ca. 2250–1700 BC)..."
^ Vidale, Massimo, 2017. Treasures from the Oxus, I.B. Tauris, pp. 9, 18, & Table 1,
^ Kaniuth, Kai, (2020). "Life in the Countryside: The rural archaeology of the Sapalli culture", in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), The World of the Oxus Civilization, Routledge, London and New York.
^ Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020a). "Introduction", in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), The World of the Oxus Civilization, Routledge, London and New York, p. 1.
^ See Sarianidi, V. I. 1976. "Issledovanija pamjatnikov Dashlyiskogo Oazisa," in Drevnii Baktria, vol. 1. Moscow: Akademia Nauk.
^ John Noble Wilford, (May 13, 2001). "In Ruin, Symbols on a Stone Hint at a Lost Asian Culture", in New York Times.
^ Kurbanov, Aydogdy, (14 September 2018). "A brief history of archaeological research in Turkmenistan from the beginning of the 20th century until the present", in ArchéOrient.
^ Atagarryev E., and Berdiev O.K., (1970). "The Archaeological Exploration of Turkmenistan in the Year of Soviet Power", East and West 20, pp. 285-306.
^ Masson, V.M., and V.I. Sarianidi, (1972). Central Asia: Turkmenia before the Achaemenids, London, Thames and Hudson.
^ Levine, Louis D., (1975). "Review to: Masson, V. M., and V. I. Sarianidi. Central Asia: Turkmenia before the Achaemenids (1972)" , in The American Historical Review, Volume 80, Issue 2, April 1975, p. 375.

Daftar pustaka sunting

Francfort, H.P. (1991), "Note on some Bronze Age Petroglyphs of Upper Indus and Central Asia", Pakistan Archaeology, 26: 125–135
Francfort, H.P. (1994), "The central Asian Dimension of the Symbolic System in Bactria and Margia", Antiquity, 28 (259), hlm. 406–418
Kohl, Philip L. (2007). The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge Universy Press. ISBN 978-1139461993.
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (1997). "BMAC". Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-98-2.
Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press Incorporated. ISBN 978-0190226923.
Aruz, Joan (ed), Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus, pp. 347-375, 2003, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), google books (fully online)
Edwin Bryant (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516947-6.
CNRS, L'archéologie de la Bactriane ancienne, actes du colloque Franco-soviétique n° 20. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1985, ISBN 2-222-03514-7
Fussman, G.; et al. (2005). Aryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale. Paris: de Boccard. ISBN 2-86803-072-6.
Lubotsky, A. (2001). "Indo-Iranian substratum" (PDF). Dalam Carpelan, Christian. Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. ISBN 952-5150-59-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2008-04-11.
Sarianidi, V. I. (1994). "Preface". Dalam Hiebert, F. T. Origins of the Bronze Age Oasis Civilization of Central Asia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-87365-545-1.
Sarianidi, V. I. (1995). "Soviet Excavations in Bactria: The Bronze Age". Dalam Ligabue, G.; Salvatori, S. Bactria: An ancient oasis civilization from the sands of Afghanistan. Venice: Erizzo. ISBN 88-7077-025-7.
Forizs, L. (2016, 2003) Apāṁ Napāt, Dīrghatamas and Construction of the Brick Altar. Analysis of RV 1.143 in the homepage of Laszlo Forizs

Pranala luar sunting

[Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)-1] Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020b). "Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): an overview" , in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), The World of the Oxus Civilization, Routledge, London and New York, p. 32.: "...Salvatori has often dated its beginning very early (ca. 2400 BC), to make it match with Shahdad where a large amount of material similar to that of the BMAC has been discovered. With the start of international cooperation and the multiplication of analyses, the dates now admitted by all place the Oxus Civilization between 2250 and 1700 BC, while its final phase extends until ca. 1500 BC..."

[2] Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020a). "Introduction", in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), The World of the Oxus Civilization, Routledge, London and New York, p. 1 : "The Oxus Civilization, also named the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or Culture) (BMAC), developed in southern Central Asia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age and lasted for about half a millennium (ca. 2250–1700 BC)..."

[3] Vidale, Massimo, 2017. Treasures from the Oxus, I.B. Tauris, pp. 9, 18, & Table 1,

[4] Kaniuth, Kai, (2020). "Life in the Countryside: The rural archaeology of the Sapalli culture", in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), The World of the Oxus Civilization, Routledge, London and New York.

[5] Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020a). "Introduction", in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), The World of the Oxus Civilization, Routledge, London and New York, p. 1.

[6] See Sarianidi, V. I. 1976. "Issledovanija pamjatnikov Dashlyiskogo Oazisa," in Drevnii Baktria, vol. 1. Moscow: Akademia Nauk.

[7] John Noble Wilford, (May 13, 2001). "In Ruin, Symbols on a Stone Hint at a Lost Asian Culture", in New York Times.

[8] Kurbanov, Aydogdy, (14 September 2018). "A brief history of archaeological research in Turkmenistan from the beginning of the 20th century until the present", in ArchéOrient.

[9] Atagarryev E., and Berdiev O.K., (1970). "The Archaeological Exploration of Turkmenistan in the Year of Soviet Power", East and West 20, pp. 285-306.

[10] Masson, V.M., and V.I. Sarianidi, (1972). Central Asia: Turkmenia before the Achaemenids, London, Thames and Hudson.

[11] Levine, Louis D., (1975). "Review to: Masson, V. M., and V. I. Sarianidi. Central Asia: Turkmenia before the Achaemenids (1972)" , in The American Historical Review, Volume 80, Issue 2, April 1975, p. 375.

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