Eropa modern awal

Eropa Modern Awal merupakan sebuah masa dalam sejarah Eropa antara akhir Abad Pertengahan dan awal Revolusi Industri, sekitar akhir abad ke-15 hingga akhir abad ke-18. Para sejarawan dengan berbagai cara menandai Periode modern awal dengan penemuan mesin cetak huruf lepas pada 1450-an, kejatuhan Konstantinopel dan akhir Perang Seratus Tahun pada 1453, akhir Perang Mawar pada 1487, permulaan Renaisans Tertinggi di Italia pada 1490-an, akhir Reconquista dan selanjutnya Pelayaran Kristoforus Kolumbus ke Amerika pada 1492, atau awal Reformasi Protestan pada 1517. Tanggal pasti dari titik akhirnya juga bervariasi dan biasanya dihubungkan dengan permulaan Revolusi Prancis pada 1789 atau dengan awal Revolusi Industri yang lebih ditentukan di Inggris akhir abad ke-18.

Kekuatan politik lainnya sunting

Lihat pula sunting

Referensi sunting

Rujukan sastra sunting

Rice, Eugene, F., Jr. (1970). The Foundations of Early Modern Europe: 1460-1559. W.W. Norton & Co.
John Coffey (2000), Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England 1558-1689, Studies in Modern History, Pearson Education
Benjamin J. Kaplan (2007), Divided by Faith. Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press
Joseph S. Freedman (1999), Philosophy and the Arts in Central Europe, 1500–1700: Teaching and Texts at Schools and Universities Aldershot: Ashgate

Bacaan selanjutnya sunting

Black, Jeremy. European International Relations, 1648–1815 (2002)
Blanning, T. C. W. The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789 (2003)
Cameron, Euan. Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History (2001)
de Vries, Jan. The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750 (1976)
de Vries, Jan. European Urbanization, 1500-1800 (1984)
Dewald, Jonathan. "The Early Modern Period." in Encyclopedia of European Social History, edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 1: 2001), pp. 165-177. online
Dorn, Walter L. Competition For Empire 1740-1763 (1940) online
DuPlessis, Robert S. Transitions to capitalism in early modern Europe (2019).
Flinn, Michael W. The European Demographic System, 1500-1820 (1981)
Gatti, Hilary. Ideas of Liberty in Early Modern Europe (2015).
Gershoy, Leo. From Despotism To Revolution: 1763-1789 (1944) online
Grafton, Anthony. Inky Fingers: The Making of Books in Early Modern Europe (2020).
Gribben, Crawford, and Graeme Murdock, eds. Cultures of Calvinism in Early Modern Europe (Oxford UP, 2019).
Gutmann, Myron P. Toward the Modern Economy: Early Industry in Europe, 1500-1800 (1988)
Hesmyr, Atle: Scandinavia in the Early Modern Era(2017).
Hill, David Jayne. A history of diplomacy in the international development of Europe (3 vol. 1914) online
Jacob, Margaret C. Strangers nowhere in the world: the rise of cosmopolitanism in early modern Europe (2017).
Kennedy, Paul. The rise and fall of the great powers (2010).
Klein, Alexander, and Jelle Van Lottum. "The Determinants of International Migration in Early Modern Europe: Evidence from the Maritime Sector, c. 1700–1800." Social Science History 44.1 (2020): 143-167 online.
Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973), very detailed outline
Levine, David. "The Population of Europe: Early Modern Demographic Patterns." in Encyclopedia of European Social History, edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 2, 2001), pp. 145-157. online
Lindsay, J. O. ed. New Cambridge Modern History: The Old Regime, 1713-1763 (1957) online
Merriman, John. A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present (3rd ed. 2009, 2 vol), 1412 pp
Mowat, R. B. History of European Diplomacy, 1451–1789 (1928) 324 pp online free
Nussbaum, Frederick L. The triumph of science and reason, 1660-1685 (1953), Despite the narrow title is a general survey of European history.
Parker, Geoffrey. The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800 (1996)
Petrie, Charles. Earlier diplomatic history, 1492–1713 (1949), covers all of Europe; online
- Petrie, Charles. Diplomatic History, 1713–1933 (1946), broad summary online
Pollmann, Judith. Memory in early modern Europe, 1500-1800 (Oxford UP, 2017).
Rice, Eugene F. The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460–1559 (2nd ed. 1994) 240pp
Schroeder, Paul. The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (1994) online; advanced diplomatic history
Scott, Hamish, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750: Volume I: Peoples and Place (2015); Volume II: Cultures and Power (2015).
"The State Church in Early-Modern Europe." in Arts and Humanities Through the Eras, edited by Edward I. Bleiberg, et al., (vol. 5: The Age of the Baroque and Enlightenment 1600-1800, Gale, 2005), pp. 336-341. online
Stearns, Peter N., ed. Encyclopedia of European Social History (6 vol 2000), 3000 pp; overview vol 1 pp 165-77, plus hundreds of articles
Tallett, Frank. War and Society in Early Modern Europe: 1495-1715 (2016).
Wiesner, Merry E. Early Modern Europe, 1450–1789 (Cambridge History of Europe) (2006)
Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Women and gender in early modern Europe (Cambridge UP, 2019).
Wolf, John B. The Emergence of the Great Powers, 1685-1715 (1951) online

Pranala luar sunting

Discussion of the medieval/modern transition, from the introduction to the pioneering Cambridge Modern History (1903)
Society for Renaissance Studies