Hawa mitokondria

Hawa mitokondrial (Inggris: Mitochondrial Eve), di bidang genetika manusia, adalah julukan yang diberikan kepada moyang bersama lewat garis matrilineal (garis ibu; dalam bahasa Inggris "MRCA" atau most recent common ancestor). Dalam kata lain, wanita yang dijuluki demikian adalah moyang dari semua manusia yang hidup saat ini (disamakan dengan Hawa, nama perempuan pertama menurut Kitab-kitab suci agama Samawi), dari sisi ibu, dan dari ibu ke ibu, mundur ke masa lampau sampai semua garis keturunan bertemu pada satu orang. Dalam setiap orang, semua DNA mitokondria (mtDNA) turun dari mtDNA orang tersebut karena mtDNA setiap orang diturunkan ke anaknya tanpa kombinasi ulang.

Melalui *genetic drift*, yaitu seleksi, garis ibu dapat ditelusuri ke satu orang wanita

Di samping Hawa mitokondria, ada juga "Adam kromosom-Y", nama yang diberikan kepada moyang bersama lewat garis ayah atau patrilineal. Namun, kedua orang ini diperkirakan hidup pada waktu yang berbeda ribuan tahun jaraknya.

Dalam garis yang menuju ke MRCA, setiap moyang dari orang yang hidup kini memiliki saudara seangkatan, kakak dan adik sekandung. Boleh jadi ada lebih dari satu MRCA yang lahir pada hari yang sama. Namun mereka dipandang sebagai satu MRCA secara keseluruhan.

Pada umumnya, Hawa mitokondria diperkirakan hidup sekitar 100.000 hingga 230.000 tahun yang lalu,^[1] kemungkinan paling besar di Afrika Timur,^[2] saat Homo sapiens sapiens ("anatomically modern humans" atau "manusia modern dari segi anatomi") sedang berkembang sebagai manusia yang terpisah dari sub-spesies manusia lain.

Hawa mitokondria hidup jauh lebih dini daripada apa yang disebut sebagai "Out-of-Africa migration", yang diperkirakan terjadi antara 95 000 dan 45 000 tahun lalu.^[3] Penentuan tanggal "Hawa" ini meniadakan hipotesis "asal-usul multiregional manusia modern" (teori yang menganggap bahwa "manusia modern" muncul di lebih dari satu tempat di dunia), dan mendukung hipotesis bahwa manusia modern muncul pada saat yang tidak terlalu jauh pada masa lampau di Afrika, kemudian menyebar dari Afrika dan menggantikan manusia yang lebih "purba" seperti Neanderthal. Dengan demikian, hipotesis "Out-of-Africa", yang di kalangan peneliti disebut "asal-usul manusia modern dari Afrika", adalah yang dominan.

Referensi sunting

^ "99 hingga 148 ka" menurut Poznik GD, Henn BM, Yee MC, Sliwerska E, Euskirchen GM, Lin AA, Snyder M, Quintana-Murci L, Kidd JM, Underhill PA, Bustamante CD (August 2013). "Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females". Science. 341 (6145): 562–65. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..562P. doi:10.1126/science.1237619. PMC 4032117  . PMID 23908239. . "153 hingga 217 ka" menurut: Rito T, Richards MB, Fernandes V, Alshamali F, Cerny V, Pereira L, Soares P., "The first modern human dispersals across Africa", PLoS One 2013 Nov 13; 8(11):e80031. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080031 Diarsipkan 2023-01-05 di Wayback Machine. (ML whole-mtDNA age estimate: 178.8 [155.6; 202.2], ρ whole-mtDNA age estimate: 185.2 [153.8; 216.9], ρ synonymous age estimate: 174.8 [153.8; 216.9]). "134 hingga 188 ka": Fu Q, Mittnik A, Johnson PL, Bos K, Lari M, Bollongino R, Sun C, Giemsch L, Schmitz R, Burger J, Ronchitelli AM, Martini F, Cremonesi RG, Svoboda J, Bauer P, Caramelli D, Castellano S, Reich D, Pääbo S, Krause J (March 21, 2013). "A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes". Current Biology. 23 (7): 553–59. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.044. PMC 5036973  . PMID 23523248. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-11-05. Diakses tanggal 2018-08-24. . Soares et al. (2009): 150 hingga 234 ka (95% CI).
^ "'Your Genetic Journey' - The Genographic Project" (PDF). Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2016-09-12. Diakses tanggal 2011-04-24.
^ Endicott, P; Ho, SY; Metspalu, M; Stringer, C (2009), "Evaluating the mitochondrial timescale of human evolution", Trends Ecol. Evol. (Amst.), 24 (9): 515–21, doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.006, PMID 19682765

Lihat pula sunting

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