Adam kromosom-Y

Adam kromosom-Y (Inggris: Y-chromosomal Adam; Y-MRCA) dalam genetika manusia adalah suatu nama hipotesis yang diberikan kepada "nenek moyang bersama paling terkini" (most recent common ancestor; MRCA) dari mana semua orang yang hidup sekarang diturunkan secara patrilineal (ditelusuri kembali hanya dari garis bapak dalam silsilah keluarga, karena kromosom-Y hanya ada pada pria). Namun julukan ini tidak secara permanen diberikan kepada satu orang tertentu.

Adam kromosom-Y dinamai menurut manusia pertama dalam Alkitab yaitu Adam, tetapi tidak dianggap bahwa pemegang kromosom ini bukanlah satu-satunya manusia laki-laki yang hidup pada zamannya.^[1] Laki-laki lain pada zamannya dapat saja mempunyai keturunan yang masih hidup sekarang, tetapi bukan melalui keturunan patrilineal saja.

Usia Y-MRCA telah diperkirakan berbeda-beda pada 188.000,^[2] 270.000,^[3] 306.000,^[4] dan 142.000 tahun^[5] Sebuah makalah yang diterbitkan pada bulan Maret 2013 melaporkan perkiraan tertua 338.000 tahun.^[6] Kemudian dua laporan bersamaan pada bulan Agustus 2013 memberi perkiraan lebih muda, yang satu 180.000 sampai 200.000 tahun,^[7] dan yang lain, berdasarkan urutan genome dari sembilan populasi berbeda, menunjukkan antara 120.000 dan 156.000 tahun.^[8]

Secara analog dengan Adam kromosom-Y, Eva mitokondria adalah seorang perempuan dari mana semua orang hidup diturunkan dari garis ibu (matrilineal), yang diperkirakan hidup 90.000 sampai 230.000 tahun lalu di Afrika. Perkiraan ini didasarkan atas pewarisan mtDNA melalui ibu. Secara teori, Adam kromosom-Y dan Eva mitokondria tidak harus hidup pada waktu yang sama.^[9]^[10] Walaupun penemuan pada tahun 2013 memberi kemungkinan bahwa kedua orang ini dapat saja hidup pada zaman yang kurang lebih sama,^[11] penemuan haplogrup Y kuno telah mengubah perkiraan usia Adam kromosom-Y yang jauh melebihi Hawa mitokondria. Pada tahun 2015, perkiraan umum Adam kromosom-Y diperkirakan berkisar antara 200.000 hingga 300.000 tahun yang lalu, kurang lebih sesuai dengan masa kemunculan manusia dengan anatomi modern.^[12]

Lihat pula sunting

Referensi sunting

^ Takahata, N (January 1993). "Allelic genealogy and human evolution". Mol. Biol. Evol. 10 (1): 2–22. PMID 8450756.
^ Hammer MF (1995). "A recent common ancestry for human Y chromosomes". Nature. 378 (6555): 376–378. doi:10.1038/378376a0. PMID 7477371.
^ Dorit RL, Akashi H, Gilbert W (1995). "Absence of polymorphism at the ZFY locus on the human Y chromosome". Science. 268 (5214): 1183–1185. doi:10.1126/science.7761836. PMID 7761836.
^ Huang W, Fu YX, Chang BH, Gu X, Jorde LB, Li WH (1998). "Sequence variation in ZFX introns in human populations". Mol Biol Evol. 15 (2): 138–142. PMID 9491612.
^ Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Massaia, Andrea; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011). "A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 88 (6): 814–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002. PMC 3113241  . PMID 21601174.
^ Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Hammer, Michael F. (7 March 2013). "An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 92 (3): 454. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002. PMC 3591855  . PMID 23453668. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-09-24. Diakses tanggal 2014-05-01. (primary source)
^ Francalacci P, Morelli L, Angius A, Berutti R, Reinier F, Atzeni R, Pilu R, Busonero F, Maschio A, Zara I, Sanna D, Useli A, Urru MF, Marcelli M, Cusano R, Oppo M, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Porcu E, Poddie F, Kang HM, Lyons R, Tarrier B, Gresham JB, Li B, Tofanelli S, Alonso S, Dei M, Lai S, Mulas A, Whalen MB, Uzzau S, Jones C, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Sanna S, Sidore C, Cucca F (2013). "Low-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y-chromosome phylogeny". Science. 341 (6145): 565–569. doi:10.1126/science.1237947. PMID 23908240.
^ Poznik GD, Henn BM, Yee MC, Sliwerska E, Euskirchen GM, Lin AA, Snyder M, Quintana-Murci L, Kidd JM, Underhill PA, Bustamante CD (2013). "Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females". Science. 341 (6145): 562–565. doi:10.1126/science.1237619. PMID 23908239.
^ Dawkins (2005-09-02). The Ancestor's Tale. ISBN 9780618619160.
^ Blaine Bettinger (20 July 2007). "Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam". The Genetic Genealogist.
^ Cann RL (2013). "Genetics. Y weigh in again on modern humans". Science. 341 (6145): 465–467. doi:10.1126/science.1242899. PMID 23908212.
^ Karmin; et al. (2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–66. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518  . PMID 25770088. "we date the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) in Africa at 254 (95% CI 192–307) kya and detect a cluster of major non-African founder haplogroups in a narrow time interval at 47–52 kya, consistent with a rapid initial colonization model of Eurasia and Oceania after the out-of-Africa bottleneck. In contrast to demographic reconstructions based on mtDNA, we infer a second strong bottleneck in Y-chromosome lineages dating to the last 10 ky. We hypothesize that this bottleneck is caused by cultural changes affecting variance of reproductive success among males."

Pustaka tambahan sunting

Gibbons, A. (2001). "Modern Men Trace Ancestry to African Migrants". Science. 292 (5519): 1051–1052. doi:10.1126/science.292.5519.1051b. PMID 11352048.
"African Origin of Modern Humans in East Asia: A Tale of 12,000 Y Chromosomes", Yuehai Ke et al., Science 2001 292: 1151–1153
Bateman, A. J. 1948 Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila" Heredity2, 349–368.
Fu, YX; Li, WH; Donnelly, P.; Tavaré, S.; Balding, D. J.; Griffiths;, R. C.; Weiss, G.; Von Haeseler;, A.; Rogers, J. (1996). "Estimating the age of the common ancestor of men from the ZFY intron". Science. 272 (5266): 1356–1357; author reply 1361–1362. doi:10.1126/science.272.5266.1356. PMID 8650550.
Donnelly, P; Tavaré, S; Balding, DJ; Griffiths, RC (May 1996). "Estimating the age of the common ancestor of men from the ZFY intron". Science. 272 (5266): 1357–1359; author reply 1361–1362. doi:10.1126/science.272.5266.1357. PMID 8650551.
Dorit, RL; Akashi, H; Gilbert, W (May 1995). "Absence of polymorphism at the ZFY locus on the human Y chromosome". Science. 268 (5214): 1183–1185. doi:10.1126/science.7761836. PMID 7761836.

Pranala luar sunting

Pohon filogenetik Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups manusia ^{[χ 1]}^{[χ 2]}

"Adam kromosom-Y"

A00

A0-T ^{[χ 3]}

A0

A1 ^{[χ 4]}

A1a

A1b

A1b1

BT

B

CT

DE

CF

D

E

C

F

F1

F2

F3

GHIJK

G

HIJK

IJK

H

IJ

K

I

J

LT ^{[χ 5]}

K2 ^{[χ 6]}

L

T

K2a ^{[χ 7]}

K2b ^{[χ 8]}

K2c

K2d

K2e ^{[χ 9]}

K-M2313 ^{[χ 10]}

K2b1 ^{[χ 11]}

P ^{[χ 12]}

NO

S ^{[χ 13]}

M ^{[χ 14]}

P1

P2

N

O

Q

R

Referensi

^ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
^ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
^ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
^ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
^ Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
^ Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158  . PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".
^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
^ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).
^ K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
^ Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[Takahata93-1] Takahata, N (January 1993). "Allelic genealogy and human evolution". Mol. Biol. Evol. 10 (1): 2–22. PMID 8450756.

[2] Hammer MF (1995). "A recent common ancestry for human Y chromosomes". Nature. 378 (6555): 376–378. doi:10.1038/378376a0. PMID 7477371.

[3] Dorit RL, Akashi H, Gilbert W (1995). "Absence of polymorphism at the ZFY locus on the human Y chromosome". Science. 268 (5214): 1183–1185. doi:10.1126/science.7761836. PMID 7761836.

[4] Huang W, Fu YX, Chang BH, Gu X, Jorde LB, Li WH (1998). "Sequence variation in ZFX introns in human populations". Mol Biol Evol. 15 (2): 138–142. PMID 9491612.

[cell.com-5] Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Massaia, Andrea; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011). "A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 88 (6): 814–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002. PMC 3113241  . PMID 21601174.

[Mendez13-6] Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Hammer, Michael F. (7 March 2013). "An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 92 (3): 454. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002. PMC 3591855  . PMID 23453668. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-09-24. Diakses tanggal 2014-05-01. (primary source)

[fran-7] Francalacci P, Morelli L, Angius A, Berutti R, Reinier F, Atzeni R, Pilu R, Busonero F, Maschio A, Zara I, Sanna D, Useli A, Urru MF, Marcelli M, Cusano R, Oppo M, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Porcu E, Poddie F, Kang HM, Lyons R, Tarrier B, Gresham JB, Li B, Tofanelli S, Alonso S, Dei M, Lai S, Mulas A, Whalen MB, Uzzau S, Jones C, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Sanna S, Sidore C, Cucca F (2013). "Low-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y-chromosome phylogeny". Science. 341 (6145): 565–569. doi:10.1126/science.1237947. PMID 23908240.

[poz-8] Poznik GD, Henn BM, Yee MC, Sliwerska E, Euskirchen GM, Lin AA, Snyder M, Quintana-Murci L, Kidd JM, Underhill PA, Bustamante CD (2013). "Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females". Science. 341 (6145): 562–565. doi:10.1126/science.1237619. PMID 23908239.

[ancestors_tale-9] Dawkins (2005-09-02). The Ancestor's Tale. ISBN 9780618619160.

[10] Blaine Bettinger (20 July 2007). "Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam". The Genetic Genealogist.

[cann-11] Cann RL (2013). "Genetics. Y weigh in again on modern humans". Science. 341 (6145): 465–467. doi:10.1126/science.1242899. PMID 23908212.

[bottleneck-12] Karmin; et al. (2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–66. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518  . PMID 25770088. "we date the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) in Africa at 254 (95% CI 192–307) kya and detect a cluster of major non-African founder haplogroups in a narrow time interval at 47–52 kya, consistent with a rapid initial colonization model of Eurasia and Oceania after the out-of-Africa bottleneck. In contrast to demographic reconstructions based on mtDNA, we infer a second strong bottleneck in Y-chromosome lineages dating to the last 10 ky. We hypothesize that this bottleneck is caused by cultural changes affecting variance of reproductive success among males."

[vanOven2014-13] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.

[ISOGG2015-14] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-15] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-16] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-17] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-18] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-19] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158  . PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-20] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-21] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-22] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-23] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-24] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-25] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-26] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

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