Takhta Astarte

Takhta Astarte adalah selusin takhta persembahan nazar "kerub" yang ditemukan di kuil-kuil Fenisia di Lebanon, khususnya di daerah sekitar Sidon, Tirus, dan Ummul 'Amad.^[1] Banyak dari takhta memiliki gaya yang sama, dengan kepala kerub pada tubuh singa bersayap di kedua sisinya.^[2] Gambar takhta ditemukan di situs Fenisia di sekitar pesisir Laut Tengah, termasuk plakat gading dari Tel Megiddo (Israel), sebuah relief dari Hadrumetum (Tunisia), dan skarab dari Tharros (Italia).^[2]

Byblos

Tempat-tempat yang terkait dengan takhta-takhta Astarte

Daftar takhta

Periode	Letak penemuan	Disimpan di	Tulisan	Penjelasan	Pertama dipajang
Helenistik	Byblos	Museum Nasional Beirut	tidak ada	Di bagian depan, dua sosok menuangkan persembahan ke dalam bunga. Di takhta, anatirosis persegi panjang untuk menempatkan objek.^[3]	Dunand^[4]
Helenistik	Sidon	Museum Nasional Beirut	tidak ada	Di bagian depan, palmet Fenisia. Di kursi, tanggam persegi panjang besar digunakan untuk memperbaiki objek. Sandaran tanpa hiasan.^[3]	1941 Dunand^[5]
Romawi	Sidon	Museum Nasional Beirut	Yunani	Kursi sangat miring, tidak mampu menahan benda. Bagian belakang menunjukkan bola dunia di dalam bulan sabit.^[3]	1924^[6]
	Sidon	Louvre	tidak ada	Naiskos yang merupakan singgasana dengan dua sfinks. Di atas kursi, rongga berbentuk U, dimaksudkan untuk menerima benda bulat di bagian bawah: mungkin baitulos dan mahkotanya. Di sisi wajah, relief imam yang memimpin.^[3]	1933^[7]
	Sidon	Museum Arkeologi Istanbul	tidak ada	Naiskos sepadan dengan yang sebelumnya. Di bagian belakang terdapat rongga kecil yang dimaksudkan untuk menampung suatu benda. Di samping, dewi bersayap gaya Mesir.^[3]	^[8]
abad ke-2 SM	Khirbet et-Tayibeh, dekat Ras al-Ain dekat Tirus	Louvre	Fenisia (KAI 17)	Di singgasana, dua stele dengan relief, menggambarkan dua pejabat yang berdiri.^[3]	1907 Ronzevalle^[9]^[10]^[11]
Helenistik	Ayin Baal dekat Tirus	Museum Nasional Beirut	tidak ada	Kursi berisi stele atau baitulos^[3]
Helenistik	Daerah Tirus	Museum Nasional Beirut	tidak ada	Kursi berisi stele atau baitulos^[3]
abad ke-4 SM	Ummul 'Amad	Louvre	tidak ada	Di bagian depan, palmet Fenisia^[3]	1860, Renan^[12]
	Ummul 'Amad	Museum Nasional Beirut	tidak ada	Bagian depan rusak. Kursi memanjang, depan membulat. Sandaran tanpa hiasan. Takhta besar yang bisa muat seseorang.^[3]	Dunand
	Kuil Esymun	Kuil Esymun	tidak ada		Dunand
	Kuil Esymun	Museum Nasional Beirut	tidak ada		Dunand
Helenistik	tidak diketahui	Museum Nasional Beirut	tidak ada

Galeri

Takhta serupa digambarkan di sarkofagus Ahiram^[13]
KAI 17 (foto)
KAI 17 (salinan)
Plakat gading dengan Takhta Astarte
Patung Punik dari Tunisia (Sanctuaire de Thinissut)
Skarab dengan Takhta Astarte

Referensi

Catatan kaki

^ Milik, 1967
^ ^a ^b Davila and Zuckerman (1993), p.77: "Compare the votive throne discovered at Umm el-'Amed (Dunand and Duru 1962: 168 pl. 67). The lower part of the throne is badly damaged, but the heads are preserved. The heads are human, and each bears a head-dress or coiffure that reaches down to the shoulders. They also have stylized beards. On our throne, what remains of the headdresses/coiffures and beards of the cherubs stylistically parallels those of the Umm el-'Amed cherubs. In fact, it seems quite probable that they stem from the same artistic and iconographic milieu. We may further note the cherub thrones depicted on a Late Bronze/ Iron I ivory from Megiddo, the sarcophagus of Ahiram (cf. Pritchard 1969: figs. 332, 456-59, respectively), a relief from Hadrumetum/Sousse (Cintas 1947: pls. 48-49), and a scarab from Sardinia (Bisi 1967: fig. 57). In each of those exemplars the cherubs have a feline body with wings, a tail, and styled hair, but no beard."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Henri Seyrig's original list of 10 known thrones in 1959: Seyrig, 1959, page 51-52
^ M. Dunand, Excavations of Byblos, II, p. 79, no.7225, p. 152
^ Dunand, Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth, V, 1941, p. 93, where the origin is given as unknown.
^ Ch. Virolleaud, Syria, V, 1924, p. 119, pi. 32, where the origin is given as unknown. The throne had been received in Sidon by L. Brossé: cf. Noel Aimé-Giron, Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, XXV, 1925, p. 206
^ Noel Aimé-Giron, Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, XXXIV, 1933, pp. 31-; R. Dussaud, Syria, XIV, 1933, pp. 335-
^ G. Mendel, Catal. of sculpt. (Museums imper. Ottom.), I, n ° 92 (attribution in the 5th century); Noel Aimé-Giron, Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, XXV, 1924, pp. 191-; cf. R. Dussaud, Syria, VI, 1925, pp. 95-
^ Sébastien Ronzevalle, Note sur un monument phénicien de la région de Tyr; In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 51ᵉ année, N. 10, 1907. pp. 589-598; DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1907.71970
^ Ronzevalle, 1909, p.755-
^ Clermont-Ganneau, in Repert. epigr. sémit., n ° 800.
^ E. Renan, Mission de Phénicie (1865–1874), p.707 and plate LIII: "Le petit fauteuil représenté planche LIII est une restitution en partie hypothétique de l’ensemble formé par deux fragments que nous avons rapportés (au Louvre, Catal. n° 75 et 76). Le globe ailé, les bras en forme d’aile, les sculptures fines, quoique très-frustes, du devant sont certains. Les figures des angles sont très-difficiles à agencer." [translated: "The small armchair shown on Plate LIII is a partly hypothetical restitution of the whole formed by two fragments that we have brought back (to the Louvre, Catal. N ° 75 and 76). The winged globe, the wing-shaped arms, the fine, though very rough, carvings on the front are certain. The angle figures are very difficult to arrange."
^ Noël Aimé-Giron, Un ex-voto à Astarté, BIFAO 25 (1925), p. 191-211

Daftar pustaka

Sébastien Ronzevalle, Le "Trône d’Astarté", Mélanges de la Faculté Orientale (Beirut) 3 (1909), 755–83, pls 9–10;
Sébastien Ronzevalle, ‘Note sur un monument phénicien de la région de Tyr’, CRAI (1907), 589–98
James R. Davila and Bruce Zuckerman (1993). The Throne of ʿAshtart Inscription. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, (289), 67–80. doi:10.2307/1357365
Józef Milik (1967). Les papyrus araméens d'Hermoupolis et les cultes syro-phéniciens en Égypte perse. Biblica, 48(4), 546–622. Retrieved July 28, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/42618436
Henri Seyrig. Antiquités syriennes. In: Syria. Tome 36 fascicule 1–2, 1959. pp. 38–89; doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/syria.1959.5447 https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1959_num_36_1_5447
Edward Lipiński, Rereading the Inscriptions of the ‘Throne of Astarte’ and the Sidonian Obelisk, Journal of Semitic Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, Autumn 2016, Pages 319–325, https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgw011

Pranala luar

Media tentang Thrones of Astarte di Wikimedia Commons
Lion-Throned Goddesses of West Asia
Classical Art Research Center: 20. Seated goddess Diarsipkan 2020-02-11 di Wayback Machine.

[1] Milik, 1967

[DZ-2] Davila and Zuckerman (1993), p.77: "Compare the votive throne discovered at Umm el-'Amed (Dunand and Duru 1962: 168 pl. 67). The lower part of the throne is badly damaged, but the heads are preserved. The heads are human, and each bears a head-dress or coiffure that reaches down to the shoulders. They also have stylized beards. On our throne, what remains of the headdresses/coiffures and beards of the cherubs stylistically parallels those of the Umm el-'Amed cherubs. In fact, it seems quite probable that they stem from the same artistic and iconographic milieu. We may further note the cherub thrones depicted on a Late Bronze/ Iron I ivory from Megiddo, the sarcophagus of Ahiram (cf. Pritchard 1969: figs. 332, 456-59, respectively), a relief from Hadrumetum/Sousse (Cintas 1947: pls. 48-49), and a scarab from Sardinia (Bisi 1967: fig. 57). In each of those exemplars the cherubs have a feline body with wings, a tail, and styled hair, but no beard."

[Seyrig-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Henri Seyrig's original list of 10 known thrones in 1959: Seyrig, 1959, page 51-52

[4] M. Dunand, Excavations of Byblos, II, p. 79, no.7225, p. 152

[5] Dunand, Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth, V, 1941, p. 93, where the origin is given as unknown.

[6] Ch. Virolleaud, Syria, V, 1924, p. 119, pi. 32, where the origin is given as unknown. The throne had been received in Sidon by L. Brossé: cf. Noel Aimé-Giron, Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, XXV, 1925, p. 206

[7] Noel Aimé-Giron, Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, XXXIV, 1933, pp. 31-; R. Dussaud, Syria, XIV, 1933, pp. 335-

[8] G. Mendel, Catal. of sculpt. (Museums imper. Ottom.), I, n ° 92 (attribution in the 5th century); Noel Aimé-Giron, Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, XXV, 1924, pp. 191-; cf. R. Dussaud, Syria, VI, 1925, pp. 95-

[9] Sébastien Ronzevalle, Note sur un monument phénicien de la région de Tyr; In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 51ᵉ année, N. 10, 1907. pp. 589-598; DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1907.71970

[10] Ronzevalle, 1909, p.755-

[11] Clermont-Ganneau, in Repert. epigr. sémit., n ° 800.

[12] E. Renan, Mission de Phénicie (1865–1874), p.707 and plate LIII: "Le petit fauteuil représenté planche LIII est une restitution en partie hypothétique de l’ensemble formé par deux fragments que nous avons rapportés (au Louvre, Catal. n° 75 et 76). Le globe ailé, les bras en forme d’aile, les sculptures fines, quoique très-frustes, du devant sont certains. Les figures des angles sont très-difficiles à agencer." [translated: "The small armchair shown on Plate LIII is a partly hypothetical restitution of the whole formed by two fragments that we have brought back (to the Louvre, Catal. N ° 75 and 76). The winged globe, the wing-shaped arms, the fine, though very rough, carvings on the front are certain. The angle figures are very difficult to arrange."

[13] Noël Aimé-Giron, Un ex-voto à Astarté, BIFAO 25 (1925), p. 191-211

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]