Wikipedia

Laba-laba tanah

Laba-laba

Laba-laba tanah atau Gnaphosidae adalah famili laba-laba terbesar ketujuh, dengan lebih dari 2.000 spesies yang terdeskripsi pada 100 genera, yang tersebar di seluruh dunia. Terdapat 105 spesies yang diketahui dari Eropa tengah,[1] dan genera umum mencakup Gnaphosa, Drassodes, Micaria, Cesonia, Zelotes, beserta banyak lainnya. Mereka berkerabat dekat dengan Clubonidae.[2] Saat ini, tidak ada satupun laba-laba tanah yang diketahui benar-benar berbisa untuk manusia.

Laba-laba tanah
Periode Cretaceous–present
Gnaphosidae

Callilepis nocturna, sebuah laba-laba tanah yang dapat ditemukan di Palearktika
Taksonomi
KerajaanAnimalia
FilumArthropoda
KelasArachnida
OrdoAraneae
UpaordoOpisthothelae
InfraordoAraneomorphae
SuperfamiliGnaphosoidea
FamiliGnaphosidae
Banks, 1892
Tipe taksonomiGnaphosa
Diversitas
Distribusi

Genera sunting

Artikel utama: Daftar spesies Gnaphosidae

Hingga Januari 2024, World Spider Catalog telah menerima genera-genera berikut:[3]

  • Allomicythus Ono, 2009 — Vietnam
  • Allozelotes Yin & Peng, 1998 — Tiongkok
  • Almafuerte Grismado & Carrión, 2017 — Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay
  • Amazoromus Brescovit & Höfer, 1994 — Brazil
  • Ammoxenus Simon, 1893
  • Amusia Tullgren, 1910 — Afrika Selatan, Afrika Timur
  • Anagraphis Simon, 1893 — Afrika, Asia, Eropa
  • Anagrina Berland, 1920 — Niger
  • Aneplasa Tucker, 1923 — Afrika Selatan, Angola
  • Anzacia Dalmas, 1919 — Australia, Selandia Baru, Papua Nugini
  • Aphantaulax Simon, 1878 — Asia, Afrika, Australia, Perancis
  • Apodrassodes Vellard, 1924 — Amerika Selatan, Meksiko, India
  • Apodrassus Chamberlin, 1916 — Peru
  • Aponetius Kamura, 2020 — Ryukyu Is.
  • Apopyllus Platnick & Shadab, 1984 — Amerika Selatan, Meksiko
  • Arauchemus Ott & Brescovit, 2012 — Brazil
  • Asemesthes Simon, 1887 — Afrika
  • Asiabadus Roewer, 1961 — Afghanistan
  • Australoechemus Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 — Cape Verde Is.
  • Austrammo Platnick, 2002
  • Avstroneulanda Zakharov & Ovtsharenko, 2022
  • Barrowammo Platnick, 2002
  • Benoitodes Platnick, 1993 — St. Helena
  • Berinda Roewer, 1928 — Greece, Turki, Siprus
  • Berlandina Dalmas, 1922 — Asia, Afrika, Eropa
  • Cabanadrassus Mello-Leitão, 1941 — Argentina
  • Callilepis Westring, 1874 — Asia, Amerika Utara, Eropa
  • Callipelis Zamani & Marusik, 2017 — Iran
  • Camillina Berland, 1919 — Asia, Amerika Tengah, Amerika Selatan, Afrika, Amerika Utara, Italia, Karibia
  • Canariognapha Wunderlich, 2011 — Canary Is.
  • Ceryerda Simon, 1909 — Australia
  • Cesonia Simon, 1893 — Greece, Turki, Amerika Utara, Amerika Tengah, Karibia
  • Chatzakia Lissner & Bosmans, 2016 — Spanyol
  • Civizelotes Senglet, 2012 — Asia, Maroko, Eropa
  • Cladothela Kishida, 1928 — Japan, Tiongkok, Korea
  • Coillina Yin & Peng, 1998 — Tiongkok
  • Coreodrassus Paik, 1984 — Asia
  • Cryptodrassus Miller, 1943 — Eropa, Asia
  • Cryptoerithus Rainbow, 1915 — Australia
  • Cubanopyllus Alayón & Platnick, 1993 — Kuba
  • Diaphractus Purcell, 1907 — Afrika Selatan, Namibia
  • Drassodes Westring, 1851 — Afrika, Amerika Selatan, Asia, Eropa, Amerika Utara
  • Drassodex Murphy, 2007 — Spanyol, Perancis, Switzerland
  • Drassyllus Chamberlin, 1922 — Amerika Utara, Asia, Eropa
  • Echemella Strand, 1906 — Kongo, Ethiopia
  • Echemographis Caporiacco, 1955 — Venezuela
  • Echemoides Mello-Leitão, 1938 — Amerika Selatan
  • Echemus Simon, 1878 — Sweden, Asia, Australia, Afrika, Brazil
  • Eilica Keyserling, 1891 — Australia, Amerika Selatan, Amerika Serikat, Amerika Tengah, Karibia, Afrika, India
  • Encoptarthria Main, 1954 — Australia
  • Epicharitus Rainbow, 1916 — Australia
  • Fedotovia Charitonov, 1946 — Mongolia, Iran, Afghanistan
  • Gaviphosa Sankaran, 2021 — India
  • Gertschosa Platnick & Shadab, 1981 — Amerika Utara, Panama, Jamaica
  • Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804 — Asia, Eropa, Afrika, Amerika Utara, Guatemala, Kuba
  • Haplodrassus Chamberlin, 1922 — Eropa, Asia, Amerika Utara, Afrika
  • Herpyllus Hentz, 1832 — Argentina, Amerika Utara, Asia
  • Heser Tuneva, 2004 — Asia, Spanyol, Afrika, Amerika Utara
  • Hitobia Kamura, 1992 — Asia
  • Homoeothele Simon, 1908 — Australia
  • Hotwheels Liu & Zhang, 2024 — Tiongkok
  • Hongkongia Song & Zhu, 1998 — Indonesia, Tiongkok, Hong Kong
  • Hypodrassodes Dalmas, 1919 — Selandia Baru, Australia
  • Ibala Fitzpatrick, 2009 — Afrika
  • Intruda Forster, 1979 — Australia, Selandia Baru
  • Iranotricha Zamani & Marusik, 2018 — Iran
  • Kaitawa Forster, 1979 — Selandia Baru
  • Kikongo Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020 — D.R. Kongo, Kenya
  • Kishidaia Yaginuma, 1960 — Asia, Italia
  • Kituba Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020 — D.R. Kongo
  • Ladissa Simon, 1907 — Sierra Leone, India, Benin
  • Laronius Platnick & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Thailand, Indonesia
  • Lasophorus Chatzaki, 2018 — Greece
  • Latica da Silva, Guerrero, Bidegaray-Batista & Simó, 2020 — Uruguay, Argentina
  • Latonigena Simon, 1893 — Amerika Selatan
  • Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 — Afrika, Eropa, Asia
  • Leptodrassus Simon, 1878 — Eropa, Asia, Afrika, Meksiko
  • Leptopilos Levy, 2009 — Greece, Asia, Libya
  • Litopyllus Chamberlin, 1922 — Amerika Serikat, Kuba, Meksiko
  • Macarophaeus Wunderlich, 2011 — Canary Is., Madeira
  • Marinarozelotes Ponomarev, 2020 — Asia, Eropa, Afrika, Amerika Utara, Amerika Selatan
  • Marjanus Chatzaki, 2018
  • Matua Forster, 1979 — Selandia Baru
  • Megamyrmaekion Reuss, 1834 — Afrika, Asia, Australia
  • Micaria Westring, 1851 — Asia, Amerika Utara, Afrika, Eropa, Australia
  • Microdrassus Dalmas, 1919 — Seychelles
  • Microsa Platnick & Shadab, 1977 — Kuba
  • Micythus Thorell, 1897 — Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia
  • Minosia Dalmas, 1921 — Afrika, Asia, Eropa
  • Minosiella Dalmas, 1921 — Asia, Afrika
  • Molycria Simon, 1887 — Australia
  • Montebello Hogg, 1914 — Australia
  • Myandra Simon, 1887 — Australia
  • Nauhea Forster, 1979 — Selandia Baru
  • Neodrassex Ott, 2012 — Brazil, Argentina
  • Nodocion Chamberlin, 1922 — Amerika Utara, India
  • Nomindra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia
  • Nomisia Dalmas, 1921 — Asia, Afrika, Eropa
  • Notiodrassus Bryant, 1935 — Selandia Baru
  • Odontodrassus Jézéquel, 1965 — Afrika, Asia, Jamaica
  • Orodrassus Chamberlin, 1922 — Amerika Serikat, Canada
  • Parabonna Mello-Leitão, 1947 — Brazil
  • Parasyrisca Schenkel, 1963 — Eropa, Asia, Amerika Utara
  • Phaeocedus Simon, 1893 — Asia, Eropa
  • Poecilochroa Westring, 1874 — Asia, Afrika, Amerika Selatan, Eropa
  • Pseudodrassus Caporiacco, 1935 — Tiongkok, Libya, Turki
  • Pterotricha Kulczyński, 1903 — Afrika, Asia, Eropa
  • PterotriTiongkok Dalmas, 1921 — Algeria
  • Rastellus Platnick & Griffin, 1990
  • Sanitubius Kamura, 2001 — Tiongkok, Korea, Japan
  • Scopoides Platnick, 1989 — Amerika Utara, Asia
  • Scotocesonia Caporiacco, 1947 — Guyana
  • Scotognapha Dalmas, 1920 — Canary Islands
  • Scotophaeus Simon, 1893 — Eropa, Afrika, Asia, Amerika Selatan, Selandia Baru
  • Sergiolus Simon, 1892 — Amerika Utara, Karibia, Asia
  • Sernokorba Kamura, 1992 — Asia, Eropa
  • Setaphis Simon, 1893 — Spanyol, Afrika, Asia
  • Shaitan Kovblyuk, Kastrygina & Marusik, 2013
  • Shiragaia Paik, 1992 — Korea
  • Sidydrassus Esyunin & Tuneva, 2002 — Asia
  • Smionia Dalmas, 1920 — Afrika Selatan
  • Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020 — Tiongkok
  • Sosticus Chamberlin, 1922 — Amerika Utara, Asia
  • Symphanodes Rainbow, 1916 — Australia
  • Synaphosus Platnick & Shadab, 1980 — Asia, Afrika, Amerika Utara, Greece
  • Talanites Simon, 1893 — Asia, Amerika Utara, Ukraine
  • Talanitoides Levy, 2009 — Israel
  • Titus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901 — Zimbabwe
  • Trachyzelotes Lohmander, 1944 — Eropa, Asia, Amerika Utara, Afrika, Amerika Selatan, Samoa
  • Trephopoda Tucker, 1923 — Afrika Selatan, Namibia
  • Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 — Afrika Selatan, Namibia
  • Turkozelotes Kovblyuk & Seyyar, 2009 — Greece, Asia
  • Urozelotes Mello-Leitão, 1938 — Zambia, Eropa, Asia
  • Verita Ramírez & Grismado, 2016 — Argentina
  • Wesmaldra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia
  • Wydundra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia, Malaysia
  • Xerophaeus Purcell, 1907 — Afrika, Yemen
  • Xizangiana Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004 — Tiongkok
  • Yoruba Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020 — Nigeria, Ivory Coast
  • Zagrotes Zamani, Chatzaki, Esyunin & Marusik, 2021 — Iran
  • Zelanda Özdikmen, 2009 — Selandia Baru
  • Zelominor Snazell & Murphy, 1997 — Portugal, Spanyol, Algeria
  • Zelotes Gistel, 1848 — Asia, Amerika Utara, Eropa, Afrika, Amerika Selatan, Australia, Karibia
  • Zelotibia Russell-Smith & Murphy, 2005 — Afrika
  • Zelowan Murphy & Russell-Smith, 2010 — Kongo, Burundi, Namibia
  • Zimiromus Banks, 1914 — Amerika Tengah, Amerika Selatan, Karibia, Meksiko

Referensi sunting

  1. ^ Blick; et al. (2004). "Checklist of the spiders of Central Eropa. (Arachnida: Araneae)" (PDF). 
  2. ^ Nieuwenhuys, Ed (2000). "Spiders of NW-Eropa". Diakses tanggal 2007-01-03. 
  3. ^ "Family: Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Diakses tanggal 24 January 2024. 
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