Kelompok fisi-fusi

Dalam ilmu etologi, kelompok fisi-fusi adalah kelompok yang jumlah anggota dan komposisinya berubah-ubah seiring berjalannya waktu karena anggotanya berpindah-pindah; hewan-hewan bergabung (fusi) saat sedang (misalnya) tidur di satu tempat, atau berpisah (fisi) saat (misalnya) sedang mencari makan dalam kelompok-kelompok yang lebih kecil. Untuk spesies yang hidup di kelompok fisi-fusi, komposisi kelompok bersifat dinamis.

Bentuk organisasi sosial seperti ini dapat ditemui dalam beberapa spesies primata (seperti simpanse, bonobo, babun hamadryass, gelada, orangutan,^[1] monyet laba-laba,^[2] dan manusia), gajah afrika,^[3] sebagian besar karnivora seperti hyena bertotol^[4] dan singa afrika,^[5] cetacea seperti lumba-lumba,^[6] ungulata seperti rusa, zebra,^[7] dan jerapah,^[8] serta ikan seperti ikan gupi.

Catatan kaki sunting

^ van Schaik, Carel P. (1999). "The socioecology of fission-fusion sociality in Orangutans" (PDF). Biomedical and Life Sciences. 40 (1): 69–86. doi:10.1007/BF02557703. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
^ Ramos-Fernández, Gabriel; Denis Boyer; Vian P. Gómez (August 2006). "A complex social structure with fission–fusion properties can emerge from a simple foraging model" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. Springer-Verlag. 60 (4): 536–549. doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0197-x.
^ Archie, Elizabeth A.; Cynthia J. Moss; Susan C. Alberts (March 2005). "The ties that bind: genetic relatedness predicts the fission and fusion of social groups in wild African elephants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 273: 513–522. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3361.
^ Smith, Jennifer E.; Sandra K. Memenis; Kay E. Holekamp (March 2007). "Rank-related partner choice in the fission–fusion society of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. Springer-Verlag. 61 (5): 753–765. doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0305-y. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2014-04-25. Diakses tanggal 2016-05-05.
^ Lion Research Center. "Social Behavior > Group Living". University of Minnesota. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-29. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2012.
^ Lusseau, David; Karsten Schneider; Oliver J. Boisseau; Patti Haase; Elisabeth Slooten; Steve M. Dawson (2003). "The bottlenose dolphin community of Doubtful Sound features a large proportion of long-lasting associations: Can geographic isolation explain this unique trait?". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 54 (4): 396–405. doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0651-y. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
^ Rubenstein, D. I. & M. Hack (2004) Natural and sexual selection and the evolution of multi-level societies: insights from zebras with comparisons to primates. pp. 266–279. In: Sexual Selection in Primates: New and Comparative Perspectives. P. Kappeler and C. P. van Schaik (eds.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Bercovitch, F. B.; Berry, P. S. M. (2013). "Herd composition, kinship and fission–fusion social dynamics among wild giraffe". African Journal of Ecology. 51 (2): 206–216. doi:10.1111/aje.12024.

Referensi sunting

Isbell, L.A. & Young, T.P. (1996). "The evolution of bipedalism in hominids and reduced group size in chimpanzees: alternative responses to decreasing resource availability." Journal of Human Evolution. 30:389-397
Smith, J. E., Kolowski, J. M., Graham, K. E., Dawes, S.E., and K. E. Holekamp.(2008). "Social and ecological determinants of fission-fusion dynamics in the spotted hyaena." Animal Behaviour 76:619-636.

Artikel bertopik biologi ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] van Schaik, Carel P. (1999). "The socioecology of fission-fusion sociality in Orangutans" (PDF). Biomedical and Life Sciences. 40 (1): 69–86. doi:10.1007/BF02557703. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[2] Ramos-Fernández, Gabriel; Denis Boyer; Vian P. Gómez (August 2006). "A complex social structure with fission–fusion properties can emerge from a simple foraging model" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. Springer-Verlag. 60 (4): 536–549. doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0197-x.

[3] Archie, Elizabeth A.; Cynthia J. Moss; Susan C. Alberts (March 2005). "The ties that bind: genetic relatedness predicts the fission and fusion of social groups in wild African elephants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 273: 513–522. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3361.

[4] Smith, Jennifer E.; Sandra K. Memenis; Kay E. Holekamp (March 2007). "Rank-related partner choice in the fission–fusion society of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. Springer-Verlag. 61 (5): 753–765. doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0305-y. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2014-04-25. Diakses tanggal 2016-05-05.

[5] Lion Research Center. "Social Behavior > Group Living". University of Minnesota. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-29. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2012.

[6] Lusseau, David; Karsten Schneider; Oliver J. Boisseau; Patti Haase; Elisabeth Slooten; Steve M. Dawson (2003). "The bottlenose dolphin community of Doubtful Sound features a large proportion of long-lasting associations: Can geographic isolation explain this unique trait?". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 54 (4): 396–405. doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0651-y. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[7] Rubenstein, D. I. & M. Hack (2004) Natural and sexual selection and the evolution of multi-level societies: insights from zebras with comparisons to primates. pp. 266–279. In: Sexual Selection in Primates: New and Comparative Perspectives. P. Kappeler and C. P. van Schaik (eds.). Cambridge University Press.

[Bercovitch_2013-8] Bercovitch, F. B.; Berry, P. S. M. (2013). "Herd composition, kinship and fission–fusion social dynamics among wild giraffe". African Journal of Ecology. 51 (2): 206–216. doi:10.1111/aje.12024.

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