Heteronormativitas

Heteronormativitas adalah keyakinan bahwa heteroseksualitas adalah orientasi seksual yang "normal" dan "sepatutnya" dimiliki oleh manusia.^[1] Dalam kata lain, pandangan ini mengakui fakta bahwa hubungan seksual dan perkawinan yang paling "sesuai" untuk manusia adalah hubungan antar lawan jenis. Di dalamnya juga terkandung keyakinan bahwa hanya terdapat dua gender, yaitu laki-laki dan perempuan. Sebuah pandangan "heteronormatif" menganggap jenis kelamin biologis, seksualitas, identitas gender, dan peran gender harus selaras. Heteronormativitas sering kali terkait dengan heteroseksisme dan homofobia.^[1]^[2]

Asal-usul istilah

Michael Warner memperkenalkan istilah ini pada 1991,^[3] dalam salah satu karyanya tentang teori queer. Konsepnya berakar dari gagasan Gayle Rubin mengenai "sistem jenis kelamin/gender" dan gagasan Adrienne Rich mengenai heteroseksualitas wajib.^[4] Sejak awal, teori mengenai heteronormativitas mencakup pandangan kritis terhadap gender; Warner menulis bahwa "setiap orang yang menganggap dirinya queer tahu bahwa stigmatisasinya erat kaitannya dengan gender. ... Menjadi queer ... berarti menjadi mampu menantang pemahaman umum tentang apa makna perbedaan gender."^[3]

Referensi

^ ^a ^b Harris J, White V (2018). A Dictionary of Social Work and Social Care. Oxford University Press. hlm. 335. ISBN 978-0192516862. Diakses tanggal 19 Agustus 2018.
^ Lovaas, Karen, and Mercilee M. Jenkins. "Charting a Path through the 'Desert of Nothing.'" Sexualities and Communication in Everyday Life: A Reader. 8 July 2006. Sage Publications Inc. 5 May 2008
^ ^a ^b Warner, Michael (1991), "Introduction: Fear of a Queer Planet". Social Text; 9 (4 [29]): 3–17
^ Adrienne Rich, 'Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence' Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 5:631-60, 1980.

Daftar pustaka

Dreyer, Yolanda. "Hegemony and the Internalisation of Homophobia Caused by Heteronormativity." Department of Practical Theology. 2007. University of Pretoria.5 May 2008 [1].
Gray, Brandon."'Brokeback Mountain' most impressive of Tepid 2005."Box Office Mojo, LLC. 25 February 2006. 7 May 2008. [2].
Lovaas, Karen, and Mercilee M. Jenkins. "Charting a Path through the 'Desert of Nothing.'" Sexualities and Communication in Everyday Life: A Reader. 8 July 2006. Sage Publications Inc. 5 May 2008 [3].
Peele, Thomas. Composition Studies, Heteronormativity, and Popular Culture. 2001 Boise State University. 5 May 2008. [4].
The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. "U.S. Religious Landscape Survey." 7 May 2008. 7 May 2008. [5].

Bacaan tambahan

Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter
Judith Butler, Gender Trouble
Michel Foucault, History of Sexuality
Chrys Ingraham, The Heterosexual Imaginary: Feminist Sociology and Theories of Gender: Sociological Theory: July 1994
Michael Warner, ed. Fear of a Queer Planet. Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.
Jillian Todd Weiss: The Gender Caste System – Identity, Privacy, and Heteronormativity Diarsipkan 2015-10-13 di Wayback Machine.
Recent academic article on legal challenges that have been made to the heteronormativity of marriage Diarsipkan 2016-11-15 di Wayback Machine.
"Heteronormativity and the European Court of Human Rights" examines heteronormativity in the context of human rights and judicial decision making^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[Harris-1] Harris J, White V (2018). A Dictionary of Social Work and Social Care. Oxford University Press. hlm. 335. ISBN 978-0192516862. Diakses tanggal 19 Agustus 2018.

[lovaas-2] Lovaas, Karen, and Mercilee M. Jenkins. "Charting a Path through the 'Desert of Nothing.'" Sexualities and Communication in Everyday Life: A Reader. 8 July 2006. Sage Publications Inc. 5 May 2008

[warner1991-3] Warner, Michael (1991), "Introduction: Fear of a Queer Planet". Social Text; 9 (4 [29]): 3–17

[4] Adrienne Rich, 'Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence' Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 5:631-60, 1980.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]