Wikipedia

Daftar hitam Hollywood

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang daftar hitam politik pada 1940an dan 1950an. Untuk film dokumenter pendek 1950 tentang ini, lihat The Hollywood Ten. Untuk survei permainan latar yang belum diproduksi, lihat Black List (survei).

Daftar hitam Hollywood—atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai daftar hitam industri hiburan—adalah praktek penolakan pekerjaan terhadap para penulis latar, aktor, sutradara, musisi, dan anggota profesional dunia hiburan Amerika lainnya pada pertengahan abad ke-20 karena mereka dituduh simpatisan atau berhubungan dengan Komunis. Para artisditarik dari pekerjaannya atas dasar tuduhan keanggotaan mereka dalam atau bersimpati dengan Partai Komunis AS atau menolak untuk ikut penyelidikan dalam aktivitas partai tersebut. Bahkan pada masa penegakan terkuatnya, akhir 1940an sampai akhir 1950an, daftar hitam-nya terkadang eksplisit atau terverifiabel, namun langsung menghancurkan karier orang-orang dalam industri film.

Daftar hitam Hollywood sistematis pertama dilembagakan pada 24 November 1947, sehari setelah sepuluh penulis dan sutradara dikutip kontem Kongres karena menolak pentestifikasian untuk House Un-American Activities Committee. Sekelompok eksekutif studio, yang bertindak di bawah naungan Motion Picture Association of America, membela artis-artis tersebut—yang disebut Hollywood Ten—dan menjadi dikenal sebagai Pernyataan Waldorf.

Pada 22 Juni 1950, sebuah pamflet berjudul Red Channels diterbitkan. Berfokus pada bidang penyiaran, pamflet tersebut mengidentifikasikan 151 anggota profesional industri hiburan dalam konteks "Fasis Merah dan simpatisan mereka". Kemudian, kebanyakan dari mereka, bersama dengan pembawa acara dari artis lainnya, dikeluarkan dari pekerjaan dalam sebagian besar bidang dunia hiburan.

Daftar hitam berlanjut sampai 1960, saat Dalton Trumbo, seorang anggota Partai Komunis dari 1943 sampai 1948[1] dan anggota Hollywood Ten, diangkat sebagai penulis latar dari film yang sangat sukses Exodus, dan kemudian secara terbuka diketahui oleh aktor Kirk Douglas karena menulis permainan latar untuk film Spartacus.[2] Namun, sejumlah orang yang masuk daftar hitam masih ditolak bekerja dalam profesi-profesi mereka selama bertahun-tahun setelahnya.

Hollywood Ten dan orang-orang yang masuk daftar hitam lainnya pada 1947 sunting

Hollywood Ten sunting

Berikut ini adalah sepuluh orang yang dikutip kontem Kongres dan dimasukkan daftar hitam setelah menolak menjawab pertanyaan tentang tuduhan keterlibatan mereka dengan Partai Komunis:[3]

Lain-lain sunting

Orang-orang yang masuk daftar hitam antara Januari 1948 dan Juni 1950 sunting

(yang berbintang menandakan orang yang juga masuk dalam Red Channels)

Daftar Red Channels sunting

(lihat, e.g., Schrecker [2002], p. 244; Barnouw [1990], pp. 122–24)

Orang-orang lainnya yang mula-mula masuk daftar hitam setelah Juni 1950 sunting

Referensi sunting

Kutipan

  1. ^ Victor Navasky, Naming Names, New York: Viking, 2003
  2. ^ ref blacklist Kirk Douglas, "My Spartacus Broke All the Rules", the Telegraph
  3. ^ "Hollywood Ten". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 9 December 2012. 
  4. ^ Herman (1997), p. 356; Dick (1989), p. 7.
  5. ^ Gordon (1999), p. 16.
  6. ^ Ceplair and Englund (2003), p. 403; Goldstein (1999).
  7. ^ Ceplair and Englund (2003), p. 401.
  8. ^ Everitt (2007), p. 53.
  9. ^ Navasky (1980), p. 88.
  10. ^ a b Ward and Butler (2008), pp. 178–79.
  11. ^ Newman (1989), p. 140.
  12. ^ Horne (2006), pp. 204–5, 224; Goudsouzian (2004), p. 88.
  13. ^ Gill (2000), pp. 50–52.
  14. ^ Nelson and Hendricks (1990), p. 53.
  15. ^ Cogley (1956), pp. 25–28.
  16. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=HvC3WaGZF3UC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=ceplair+george+pepper&source=bl&ots=Ep3qCwB9b2&sig=3cho2HcWTwjo2N68tJwluagSwkQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjii4nNkKLPAhUB5WMKHfCpBm4Q6AEIQDAH#v=onepage&q=ceplair%20george%20pepper&f=false
  17. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 188.
  18. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 28.
  19. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 253.
  20. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 159.
  21. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 146.
  22. ^ Faulk (1963), p. 7.
  23. ^ McGill (2005), pp. 249–50; Ward (1998), p. 323; Cogley (1956), pp. 8–9.
  24. ^ Katz (1994), p. 106.
  25. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 50.
  26. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 123.
  27. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 21
  28. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 42.
  29. ^ Denning (1998), p. 374; Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 108.
  30. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 31.
  31. ^ a b c d Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 49.
  32. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 83.
  33. ^ Schwartz, J. (1999); Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 50.
  34. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 2.
  35. ^ Barzman (2004), p. 449.
  36. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 22.
  37. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 128.
  38. ^ a b c Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 6.
  39. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 17.
  40. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 22.
  41. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 129.
  42. ^ Katz (1994), p. 241.
  43. ^ Navasky (1980), p. 283.
  44. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 73.
  45. ^ Faulk (1963), pp. 7–8.
  46. ^ Denning (1998), p. 374; Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 20.
  47. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 77.
  48. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 151.
  49. ^ Sullivan (2010), p. 64.
  50. ^ Times (2008).
  51. ^ Lumenick 2007a.
  52. ^ a b Cohen (2004), p. 178.
  53. ^ Boyer (1996); Cogley (1956), p. 124.
  54. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 105.
  55. ^ "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-04-14. Diakses tanggal 2017-01-09. 
  56. ^ http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/cvvpw/gallery/dee1.html
  57. ^ Ramón (1997), p. 44.
  58. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 5.
  59. ^ a b c Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 250.
  60. ^ a b c Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 83.
  61. ^ Cohen (2004), pp. 178–81.
  62. ^ a b Navasky (1980), p. 282.
  63. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 7.
  64. ^ Barzman (2004), p. 89.
  65. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 137.
  66. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 14.
  67. ^ Johnson, Allan (February 27, 1996). "Climate Of Fear: 'Blacklist' Chronicles Careers, Lives Trashed During Witch Hunts For Communists". Chicago Tribune. Diakses tanggal 2012-12-09. 
  68. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 48.
  69. ^ Faulk (1963), pp. 6–7.
  70. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Burlingame 2000 74
  71. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. xi.
  72. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 251.
  73. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 105.
  74. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 139.
  75. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 16.
  76. ^ Dick (1982), p. 80.
  77. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 96.
  78. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 31.
  79. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 13.
  80. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 95.
  81. ^ a b c Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 37.
  82. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 164.
  83. ^ a b Cohen (2004), pp. 172–76.
  84. ^ a b c Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 15.
  85. ^ Cohen (2004), pp. 178, 181–83.
  86. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 18.
  87. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 86.
  88. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. viii.
  89. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Doherty 2003, p. 236
  90. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 80.
  91. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 134.
  92. ^ Graulich and Tatum (2003), p. 115.
  93. ^ Zecker (2007), p. 106.
  94. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 194.
  95. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 106.
  96. ^ Herman (1997), p. 356.
  97. ^ Korvin (1997).
  98. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 39.
  99. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 24.
  100. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 150.
  101. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 53.
  102. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=bXSdUTdA_dUC&pg=PA163
  103. ^ a b c Schwartz (1999).
  104. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 130.
  105. ^ Denning (1998), p. 374; Lumenick (2007b).
  106. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 110.
  107. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 20.
  108. ^ Cohen (2004), pp. 172–73178.
  109. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 142.
  110. ^ Cohen (2004), pp. 178–79, 186.
  111. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 8.
  112. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 110.
  113. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 78.
  114. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 26.
  115. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 157.
  116. ^ Navasky (1980), pp. 371–73.
  117. ^ a b c Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 45.
  118. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 10.
  119. ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Englund 2003 p. 388
  120. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 11.
  121. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 247.
  122. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 163.
  123. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 253.
  124. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 1.
  125. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 18.
  126. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 88.
  127. ^ a b Lerner (2003), pp. 337–38.
  128. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 142.
  129. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 55.
  130. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 208.
  131. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 101.
  132. ^ Perebinossoff, Gross, and Gross (2005), p. 9; Kisseloff (1995), p. 416.
  133. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 218.
  134. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 63.
  135. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 36.
  136. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 91.
  137. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 175.
  138. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 47.
  139. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 141.
  140. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 90.
  141. ^ Navasky (1980), pp. 93–94.
  142. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 9.
  143. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 209.
  144. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 66.
  145. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 111.
  146. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. vii.
  147. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 248.

Daftar pustaka

  • Anderson, John (2007). "Old Hollywood", Village Voice, November 20 (available online Diarsipkan 2008-06-23 di Wayback Machine.).
  • Andrew, Geoff (2005). "On the Waterfront", in Time Out Film Guide, 14th ed., ed. John Pym. London: Time Out. ISBN 1-904978-48-7
  • Barnouw, Erik (1990 [1975]). Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506483-6
  • Barzman, Norma (2004). The Red And The Blacklist: The Intimate Memoir of a Hollywood Expatriate. New York: Thunder's Mouth/Nation Books. ISBN 1-56025-617-6
  • Belton, John (1994). American Cinema/American Culture [excerpt] in Ross (2002), pp. 193–212.
  • Billingsley, Kenneth Lloyd (2000). Hollywood Party. Roseville, CA: Prima Publishing. ISBN 0-7615-1376-0.
  • Bogart, Humphrey (1948). "I'm No Communist", Photoplay, March (available online).
  • Bosworth, Patricia (1997). Anything Your Little Heart Desires: An American Family Story. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80809-9
  • Boyer, Edward J. (1996). "Danny Dare, 91; Blacklisted Choreographer, Dancer", Los Angeles Times, November 30 (available online).
  • Brown, Jared (1989) Zero Mostel: A Biography, New York: Athenium. ISBN 978-0-689-11955-2.
  • Buhle, Paul, and David Wagner (2003a). Hide in Plain Sight: The Hollywood Blacklistees in Film and Television, 1950–2002. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6144-1
  • Buhle, Paul, and David Wagner (2003b). Blacklisted: The Film Lover's Guide to the Hollywood Blacklist. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6145-X
  • Burlingame, Jon (2000). Sound and Vision: 60 Years of Motion Picture Soundtracks. New York: Billboard/Watson-Guptill. ISBN 0-8230-8427-2
  • Ceplair, Larry, and Steven Englund (2003). The Inquisition in Hollywood: Politics in the Film Community, 1930–1960. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07141-7
  • Chapman, James (2003). Cinemas of the World: Film and Society from 1895 to the Present. London: Reaktion. ISBN 1-86189-162-8
  • Charity, Tom (2005). "Storm Center", in Time Out Film Guide, 14th ed., ed. John Pym. London: Time Out. ISBN 1-904978-48-7
  • Christensen, Terry and Peter J. Haas (2005). Projecting Politics: Political Messages in American Films. Armonk, N.Y., and London: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-1444-8
  • Cogley, John (1956). "Report on Blacklisting." Collected in Blacklisting: An Original Anthology (1971), Merle Miller and John Cogley. New York: Arno Press/New York Times. ISBN 0-405-03579-9
  • Cohen, Karl F. (2004 [1997]). Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0
  • Cook, Fred J. (1971). The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-46270-X
  • Denning, Michael (1998). The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century. London and New York: Verso. ISBN 1-85984-170-8
  • Dick, Bernard F. (1982). Hellman in Hollywood. East Brunswick, N.J., London, and Toronto: Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8386-3140-1
  • Dick, Bernard F. (1989). Radical Innocence: A Critical Study of the Hollywood Ten. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1660-0
  • Doherty, Thomas (2003). Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12952-1
  • Everitt, David (2007). A Shadow of Red: Communism and the Blacklist in Radio and Television. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1-56663-575-6
  • Faulk, John Henry (1963). Fear on Trial. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-72442-X
  • Fried, Albert (1997). McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509701-7
  • Gevinson, Alan (ed.) (1997). American Film Institute Catalog—Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911–1960. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20964-8
  • Gill, Glenda Eloise (2000). No Surrender! No Retreat!: African-American Pioneer Performers of 20th Century American Theater. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-312-21757-9
  • Goldfield, Michael (2004). "Communist Party", in Poverty in the United States: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, and Policy, ed. Gwendolyn Mink and Alice O'Connor. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-608-3
  • Goldstein, Patrick (1999). "Many Refuse to Clap as Kazan Receives Oscar", Los Angeles Times, March 22 (available online).
  • Gordon, Bernard (1999). Hollywood Exile, Or How I Learned to Love the Blacklist. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-72827-1
  • Goudsouzian, Aram (2004). Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2843-2
  • Graulich, Melody, and Stephen Tatum (2003). Reading The Virginian in the New West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7104-2
  • Herman, Jan (1997 [1995]). A Talent for Trouble: The Life of Hollywood's Most Acclaimed Director, William Wyler. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80798-X
  • Horne, Gerald (2006). The Final Victim of the Blacklist: John Howard Lawson, Dean of the Hollywood Ten. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24860-0
  • Jablonski, Edward (1998 [1988]). Gershwin. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80847-1
  • Johnpoll, Bernard K. (1994). A Documentary History of the Communist Party of the United States, vol. 3. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. ISBN 0-313-28506-3
  • Katz, Ephraim (1994). The Film Encyclopedia, 2d ed. New York: HarperPerennial. ISBN 0-06-273089-4
  • Kisseloff, Jeff (1995). The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920–1961. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-86470-6
  • Korvin, Charles (1997). "Actors Suffered, Too" [letter to the editor], New York Times, May 4 (available online).
  • Lasky, Betty (1989). RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All. Santa Monica, California: Roundtable. ISBN 0-915677-41-5
  • Lerner, Gerda (2003). Fireweed: A Political Autobiography. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1-56639-889-4
  • Lumenick, Lou (2007a). "Father's Footsteps", New York Post, February 22 (available online).
  • Lumenick, Lou (2007b). "Ask the Old Pro", New York Post, November 23 (available online).
  • McGill, Lisa D. (2005). Constructing Black Selves: Caribbean American Narratives and the Second Generation. New York and London: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5691-3
  • Murphy, Brenda (2003). Congressional Theatre: Dramatizing McCarthyism on Stage, Film, and Television. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89166-3
  • Navasky, Victor S. (1980). Naming Names. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-50393-2
  • Nelson, Cary, and Jefferson Hendricks (1990). Edwin Rolfe: A Biographical Essay and Guide to the Rolfe Archive at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01794-3
  • Newman, Robert P. (1989). The Cold War Romance of Lillian Hellman and John Melby. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1815-1
  • O'Neill, William L. (1990 [1982]). A Better World: Stalinism and the American Intellectuals. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction. ISBN 0-88738-631-8
  • Parish, James Robert (2004). The Hollywood Book of Scandals: The Shocking, Often Disgraceful Deeds and Affairs of More than 100 American Movie and TV Idols. New York et al.: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-142189-0
  • Perebinossoff, Philippe, Brian Gross, and Lynne S. Gross (2005). Programming for TV, Radio, and the Internet: Strategy, Development, and Evaluation. Burlington, Mass., and Oxford: Focal Press/Elsiver. ISBN 0-240-80682-4
  • Ramón, David (1997). Dolores del Río. México: Clío. ISBN 968-6932-35-6
  • Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television (1950). New York: Counterattack.
  • Ross, Stephen J. (ed.) (2002). Movies and American Society. Malden, Mass., and Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21960-9
  • Schrecker, Ellen (2002). The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-312-29425-5
  • Schwartz, Jerry (1999). "Some Actors Outraged by Kazan Honor", Associated Press, March 13 (available online).
  • Scott, William Berryman, and Peter M. Rutkoff (1999). New York Modern: The Arts and the City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5998-0
  • Smith, Jeff (1999). "'A Good Business Proposition': Dalton Trumbo, Spartacus, and the End of the Blacklist", in Controlling Hollywood: Censorship/Regulation in the Studio Era, ed. Matthew Bernstein. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2707-4
  • Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004). Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-05880-8
  • Sullivan, James (2010). Seven Dirty Words: The Life and Crimes of George Carlin. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81829-5
  • Trumbo, Dalton (1970). Additional Dialogue: Letters of Dalton Trumbo 1942–1962. Manfull, Helen, ed. New York: Evans and Company. ISBN
  • "Oliver Crawford: Hollywood Writer", Times (London), October 8, 2008 (available online).
  • Verrier, Richard (2011). "Writers Guild Restores Screenplay Credit to Trumbo for 'Roman Holiday'", Los Angeles Times, December 19 (available online).
  • Wakeman, John, ed. (1987). World Film Directors—Volume One: 1890–1945. New York: H. W. Wilson. ISBN 0-8242-0757-2
  • Ward, Brian (1998). Just My Soul Responding: Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations. London: UCL Press. ISBN 1-85728-138-1
  • Ward, Jerry Washington, and Robert Butler (2008). The Richard Wright Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. ISBN 0-313-31239-7
  • Weigand, Kate (2002). Red Feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women's Liberation. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6489-5
  • Weinraub, Bernard (2000). "Blacklisted Screenwriters Get Credits", New York Times, August 5.
  • Zecker, Robert (2007). Metropolis: The American City in Popular Culture. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-99712-X

Further reading

  • Berg, Sandra (2006). "When Noir Turned Black" (interview with Jules Dassin), Written By (November) (available online Archived version of May 2013).
  • Bernstein, Walter (2000). Inside Out: A Memoir of the Blacklist. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80936-2
  • Briley, Ronald (1994). "Reel History and the Cold War", OAH Magazine of History 8 (winter) (available online Archived version of Jan.2003).
  • Georgakas, Dan (1992). "Hollywood Blacklist", in Encyclopedia of the American Left, ed. Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, and Dan Georgakas. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press (available online). ISBN 0-252-06250-7
  • Kahn, Gordon (1948). Hollywood on Trial: The Story of the 10 Who Were Indicted. New York: Boni & Gaer (excerpted online). ISBN 0-405-03921-2
  • Leab, Daniel J., with guide by Robert E. Lester (1991). Communist Activity in the Entertainment Industry: FBI Surveillance Files on Hollywood, 1942–1958. Bethesda, Maryland: University Publications of America (available online). ISBN 1-55655-414-1
  • Murray, Lawrence L. (1975). "Monsters, Spys, and Subversives: The Film Industry Responds to the Cold War, 1945–1955", Jump Cut 9 (available online).
  • Nizer, Louis. (1966). The Jury Returns. New York: Doubleday & Co. ISBN 978-0-671-12505-9
  • "Seven-Year Justice", Time, July 6, 1962 (available online Diarsipkan 2009-05-04 di Wayback Machine.).
  • Vaughn, Robert. (2004). Only Victims: A Study of Show Business Blacklisting, 2nd ed. New York: Proscenium/Limelight Editions. (Originally published New York: Putnam, 1972).ISBN 978-0-87910-081-0

Pranala luar sunting

Diperoleh dari "https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daftar_hitam_Hollywood&oldid=24252200"