Skandal valas
"Dont want other numpty's in mkt to know [about information exchanged within the group], but not only that is he gonna protect us like we protect each other…"
Pendapat seorang pedagang Citibank tentang calon anggota baru di ruang obrolannya[1][2]
Skandal valas (biasa disebut forex probe) adalah skandal keuangan yang melibatkan pengungkapan dan penyelidikan bank-bank yang bersekongkol selama satu dasawarsa untuk memanipulasi nilai tukar demi keuntungannya sendiri. Regulator pasar di Asia, Swiss, Britania Raya, dan Amerika Serikat mulai melakukan investigasi pada pasar valuta asing (valas) yang sirkulasinya mencapai $5,3 triliun per hari setelah Bloomberg News melaporkan pada Juni 2013 bahwa para pedagang valas mengaku melakukan front-running pada pesanan klien dan memalsukan nilai patok valuta asing WM/Reuters dengan bersekongkol bersama rekan-rekannya dan melakukan perdagangan sebelum dan ketika proses pergantian nilai patok terjadi selama 60 detik. Tindakan ini dilakukan setiap hari di pasar mata uang spot dan terjadi selama hampir satu dasawarsa menurut pengakuan para pedagang valas.[3]
Investigasi sunting
Hal yang menjadi sumber investigasi skandal ini adalah transkrip ruang obrolan elektronik yang digunakan pedagang valas senior bersama para pesaingnya di bank-bank lain untuk membahas jenis dan volume perdagangan yang hendak mereka manfaatkan. Ruang obrolan elektronik ini diberi nama "The Cartel", "The Bandits’ Club", "One Team, One Dream", dan "The Mafia".[4][5][6] Diskusi di ruang obrolan ini diselingi lelucon tentang memanipulasi pasar valuta asing serta alkohol, obat-obatan terlarang, dan perempuan.[7] Pihak regulator berfokus pada satu ruang obrolan eksklusif yang diberi nama The Cartel atau The Mafia. Ruang obrolan tersebut digunakan oleh para pedagang paling berpengaruh di London dan keanggotaannya sangat eksklusif. Salah satu anggota The Cartel adalah Richard Usher, mantan pedagang senior Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) yang menjadi kepala pedagangan valuta asing spot JPMorgan pada tahun 2010; Rohan Ramchandani, kepala perdagangan spot Eropa Citigroup; Matt Gardiner, pedagang yang pindah ke Standard Chartered setelah bekerja di UBS dan Barclays; dan Chris Ashton, kepala perdagangan spot di Barclays. Dua di antaranya, Usher dan Ramchandani, merupakan anggota kelompok pedagang utama Bank of England Joint Standing Committee yang beranggotakan 13 orang.[8]
Sedikitnya 15 bank, termasuk Barclays, HSBC, dan Goldman Sachs, mengungkapkan adanya investigasi oleh pihak regulator. Barclays, Citigroup, dan JPMorgan Chase mendiskors atau mencutikan semua pedagang valas senior. Deutsche Bank, bank pinjaman terbesar di benua Eropa, mematuhi permintaan informasi dari para regulator.[8][9] Barclays, Citigroup, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, JPMorgan Chase, Lloyds, RBS, Standard Chartered, UBS, dan Bank of England telah mendiskors, mencutikan, atau memecat kurang lebih 40 karyawan valas pada Juni 2014.[6][10][11][12] Citigroup juga sudah memecat kepala divisi perdagangan valuta asing spot Eropa, Rohan Ramchandani; Ramchandani merupakan anggota kelompok pedagang utama Bank of England Joint Standing Committee yang beranggotakan 13 orang.[13] Reuters melaporkan bahwa ratusan pedagang di seluruh dunia bisa terkena dampak skandal ini.[14]
Denda sunting
Pada tanggal 20 Mei 2015, lima bank mengaku bersalah atas tuduhan kejahatan berat oleh Departemen Kehakiman Amerika Serikat dan menyetujui pembayaran denda bernilai total $5,7 miliar. Empat di antaranya, Barclays, Citigroup, JP Morgan, dan Royal Bank of Scotland, mengaku bersalah atas tuduhan manipulasi pasar asing. Meski bank-bank lain sudah didenda duluan setelah investigasi bulan November 2004, Barclays belum dilibatkan dan dijatuhi denda senilai $2,4 miliar. UBS juga mengaku bersalah atas tuduhan penipuan transfer dan menyetujui pembayaran denda senilai $203 juta. Bank keenam, Bank of America, meski tidak dinyatakan bersalah, dijatuhi denda $204 juta karena melakukan praktik berbahaya di pasar asing.[15][16]
Penangkapan sunting
Pada tanggal 19 Desember 2014, proses penangkapan pertama orang-orang yang terlibat skandal ini dimulai. Penangkapan mantan pedagang RBS terjadi di Billericay, Essex, dan dilakukan oleh City of London Police dan Serious Fraud Office.[17]
Lihat pula sunting
Referensi sunting
- ^ McCoy, Kevin (12 November 2014). "Forex traders plotted strategy in secret chats". USA Today. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2014.
- ^ "FCA Final Notice 2014: JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A." Financial Conduct Authority. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2014.
- ^ Liam Vaughan, Gavin Finch and Ambereen Choudhury (12 June 2013). "Traders Said to Rig Currency Rates to Profit Off Clients". Bloomberg News. Diakses tanggal 21 January 2014.
- ^ Liam Vaughan, Gavin Finch and Bob Ivry (2013-12-19). "Secret Currency Traders' Club Devised Biggest Market's Rates". Bloomberg News. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-03.
- ^ Katie Martin and David Enrich (2013-12-19). "Forex Traders Said to Have Colluded in Effort to Profit". Wall Street Journal. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-03.
- ^ a b "Forex Chatrooms Show Traders Shared Order, Price Details: Report". NDTV Profit. Reuters. 19 June 2014. Diakses tanggal 1 July 2014.
- ^ David Enrich and Katie Martin (2013-11-01). "Currency Probe Widens as Major Banks Suspend Traders". Wall Street Journal. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-03.
- ^ a b Daniel Schäfer, Alice Ross and Delphine Strauss (2013-11-12). "Foreign exchange: The big fix". Financial Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-01-22. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-03.
- ^ Gaspard Sebag and Aoife White (19 December 2013). "Banks Said to Snitch on FX Rivals in Race to Avoid Fines". Bloomberg News. Diakses tanggal 21 January 2014.
- ^ Alice Ross, Daniel Schäfer and Gina Chon (2014-01-15). "Deutsche Bank suspends traders amid global forex probe". Financial Times. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-03.
- ^ Nicholas Comfort and Karin Matussek (2014-01-30). "Deutsche Bank Said to Suspend Moraiz in Currency Probe". Bloomberg News. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-03.
- ^ Daniel Schäfer, Patrick Jenkins, Mike Mackenzie, Kara Scannell, Alex Barker, Camilla Hall, Caroline Binham and Delphine Strauss (16 February 2014). "Forex in the spotlight". Financial Times. Diakses tanggal 18 February 2014.
- ^ Bases, Daniel (2014-01-10). "Citi's European spot forex head trader Ramchandani out amid probe". Reuters. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-02-15. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-03.
- ^ Jamie McGeever (2014-01-15). "Deutsche Bank, Citi feel the heat of widening FX investigation". The Globe and Mail. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-01-16. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-03.
- ^ Friefeld, Karen; Slater, Steve; Bart, Katharina (20 May 2015). "Major banks admit guilt in forex probe, fined $6 billion". Reuters. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-05-22. Diakses tanggal 20 May 2015.
- ^ "Record fines for currency market fix". BBC. 20 May 2015. Diakses tanggal 20 May 2015.
- ^ Salmon, James (21 December 2014). "First arrest in forex scandal: Former RBS trader held on suspicion of rigging £3.5trillion foreign exchange market". The Daily Mail. Diakses tanggal 22 December 2014.
Pranala luar sunting
Bank of America sunting
- Consent Order for Civil Money Penalty Against Bank of America N.A. United States, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 11 November 2014.
- Order to Cease and Desist: Bank of America Co, United States, Federal Reserve, 20 May 2015.
Barclays sunting
- Order Instituting Proceedings, In the matter of: Barclays Bank Plc, United States, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, 20 November 2015.
- Consent Order in the Matter of Barclays Bank Plc Diarsipkan 2017-11-16 di Wayback Machine., United States, New York State Department of Financial Services, 20 May 2015.
- FCA Final Notice 2015: Barclays Bank Plc, United Kingdom, Financial Services Authority, 20 May 2015.
- Plea agreement: United States of America v. Barclay Plc, United States, Department of Justice, 20 May 2015.
- Order to Cease and Desist: Barclays Bank Plc, United States, Federal Reserve, 20 May 2015.
Citigroup sunting
- Order Instituting Proceedings, In the matter of: Citibank N.A., United States, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, 11 November 2014.
- Consent Order for Civil Money Penalty Against Citibank N.A. United States, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 11 November 2014.
- FCA Final Notice 2014: Citibank N.A., United Kingdom, Financial Services Authority, 12 November 2014.
- Plea agreement: United States of America v. Citicorp, United States, Department of Justice, 20 May 2015.
- Order to Cease and Desist: Citicorp Inc, United States, Federal Reserve, 20 May 2015.
HSBC sunting
- Order Instituting Proceedings, In the matter of: HSBC Bank Plc, United States, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, 11 November 2014.
- FCA Final Notice 2014: HSBC Bank Plc, United Kingdom, Financial Services Authority, 12 November 2014.
JPMorgan sunting
- Order Instituting Proceedings, In the matter of: JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A., United States, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, 11 November 2014.
- Consent Order for Civil Money Penalty Against JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. United States, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 11 November 2014.
- FCA Final Notice 2014: JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A., United Kingdom, Financial Services Authority, 12 November 2014.
- Plea agreement: United States of America v. JPMorgan Chase & Co, United States, Department of Justice, 20 May 2015.
- Order to Cease and Desist: JPMorgan Chase & Co, United States, Federal Reserve, 20 May 2015.
RBS sunting
- Order Instituting Proceedings, In the matter of: Royal Bank of Scotland Plc, United States, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, 11 November 2014.
- FCA Final Notice 2014: The Royal Bank of Scotland Plc, United Kingdom, Financial Services Authority, 12 November 2014.
- Plea agreement: United States of America v. Royal Bank of Scotland Plc, United States, Department of Justice, 20 May 2015.
- Order to Cease and Desist: Royal Bank of Scotland Plc, United States, Federal Reserve, 20 May 2015.
UBS sunting
- Order Instituting Proceedings, In the matter of: UBS AG, United States, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, 11 November 2014.
- FCA Final Notice 2014: UBS AG, United Kingdom, Financial Services Authority, 12 November 2014.
- FINMA Summary Report UBS Foreign Exchange Diarsipkan 2014-11-30 di Wayback Machine., Switzerland, Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority, 12 November 2014.
- Plea agreement: United States of America v. UBS AG, United States, Department of Justice, 20 May 2015.
- Order to Cease and Desist: UBS AG, United States, Federal Reserve, 20 May 2015.
Pemerintahan sunting
- Bank of England Foreign Exchange Market Investigation Diarsipkan 2017-03-17 di Wayback Machine., United Kingdom, Bank of England, 12 November 2014.