Politik air

Politik air, terkadang disebut hidropolitik, adalah politik yang terdampak oleh ketersediaan air dan sumber daya air, sebuah kebutuhan bagi seluruh makhluk hidup dan perkembangan manusia.

Orang-orang mengantri untuk mendapatkan air pada Pengepungan Sarajevo

Definisi hidropolitik Arun P. Elhance adalah "kajian sistematik konflik dan kerja sama antar negara atas sumber daya air yang melewati perbatasan internasional".^[1] Mollinga, P. P. mengklasifikasi politik air dalam empat kategori, "politik manajemen sumber daya air sehari-hari", "politik kebijakan air dalam konteks negara-negara berdaulat", "hidropolitik antar-negara" dan "politik air global".^[2] Ketersediaan air minum per kapita tak memadai dan menyusut di seluruh dunia.^[3]

Referensi sunting

^ Arun P. Elhance (1999). Hydropolitics in the 3rd World: Conflict and cooperation in International River Basins. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press. hlm. 3.
^ Mollinga, P. P., 2008. " Water, politics and development: Framing a political sociology of water resources management." Water alternatives, 1(1), 7., 12
^ "World's supply of fresh water shrinking dramatically: report". CBC News. March 5, 2003.

Daftar pustaka sunting

"Gold Rush" (PDF). Action Aid. 2006. Diakses tanggal 29 March 2010.
Golow, A.A; A Schlueter; S Amihere-Mensah; H.L.K. Granson; M.S Tetteh (1996). "Distribution of Arsenic and Sulphate in the Vicinity of Ashanti Goldmine at Obuasi, Ghana". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 56 (5): 703–710. doi:10.1007/s001289900103. PMID 8661851. .
Serageldin, I. "Water: conflicts set to arise within as well as between states", Nature, Vol. 459, p. 163. 2009.
Rahaman, M. M. (Editor) in need Issue: Water Wars in 21st Century along International Rivers Basins: Speculation or Reality?, International Journal of Sustainable Society, Vol. 4, Nos. 1/2, 193 pages. 2012
Copeland, Claudia. Ocean Dumping Act: A Summary of the Law. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1999. National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration. Congressional Research Service, 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
"Drinking Water National and State Organizations and Programs" Diarsipkan 2020-01-28 di Wayback Machine.. Drinking Water National and State Organizations and Programs. National Environmental Services Center, 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
"Drinking Water Safety". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 19 May 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
"History of the Clean Water Act". EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 25 May 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
"HRW, Decade, Water for Life, 2015, UN-Water, United Nations, MDG, Water, Sanitation, Financing, Gender, IWRM, Human Right, Transboundary, Cities, Quality, Food Security, General Comment, BKM, Albuquerque". United Nations, July 2010. Retrieved 2 March. 2017.
"Human Health and Contaminated Water". EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 7 June 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
Perlman, Howard. "Contaminants Found in Groundwater". Contaminants Found in Groundwater, USGS Water Science School. The USGS Water Science School, 2 December 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
"Summary of the Shore Protection Act". EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 30 December 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
"Summary of the Safe Drinking Water Act". EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 7 February 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
"Tribal Climate Change Guide". National Tribal Environmental Council. University of Oregon, 20 October 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Nonpoint Source Pollution". NOAA's National Ocean Service Education. U.S. Department of Commerce, 19 December 2004. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
"Water Contamination". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 11 October 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.

Pranala luar sunting

ISARM Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources Management
Water Wars Multimedia on water scarcity and hydropolitics in East Africa
Israel Ministry of the Environment Diarsipkan 2012-02-09 di Wayback Machine.
Israel's Chronic Water Problem

[1] Arun P. Elhance (1999). Hydropolitics in the 3rd World: Conflict and cooperation in International River Basins. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press. hlm. 3.

[2] Mollinga, P. P., 2008. " Water, politics and development: Framing a political sociology of water resources management." Water alternatives, 1(1), 7., 12

[3] "World's supply of fresh water shrinking dramatically: report". CBC News. March 5, 2003.

[1]

[2]

[3]