Pertempuran Belgia

Pertempuran Belgia
	Bagian dari Front Barat Perang Dunia II
	; Para prajurit Belgia dibawah pengawasan Jerman setelah Kejatuhan Benteng Eben-Emael pada 11 Mei 1940
Tanggal	10–28 Mei 1940
Lokasi	Belgia dan Luksemburg
Hasil	Kemenangan Jerman Belgia menyerah; Pendirian pemerintahan dan angkatan darat Belgia dalam pengasingan;
Perubahan; wilayah	Pendudukan Jerman di Belgia
Pihak terlibat
Belgia; Prancis; Britania Raya; Belanda	Jerman
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Raja Leopold III (Tahanan perang); Hubert Pierlot; Maurice Gamelin; Maxime Weygand; Lord Gort	Gerd von Rundstedt; Fedor von Bock
Kekuatan
144 divisi; 13,974 meriam; 3,384 tank; 2,249 pesawat	141 divisi; 7,378 meriam ; 2,445 tank; 5,446 pesawat (4,020 operasional)
Korban
222,443+ orang (200,000 ditangkap); ~900 pesawat	Tidak disebutkan (lihat Korban Jerman)

Pertempuran Belgia atau Kampanye Belgia,^[2] yang sering disebut di Belgia dengan sebutan Kampanye 18 Hari (bahasa Prancis: Campagne des 18 jours, bahasa Belanda: Achttiendaagse Veldtocht), yang merupakan bagian dari Pertempuran Prancis, adalah sebuah kampanye ofensif yang dilakukan oleh Jerman pada saat Perang Dunia Kedua. Pertempuran tersebut berlangsung selama 18 hari pada Mei 1940 dan berakhir dengan pendudukan Jerman di Belgia setelah Angkatan Darat Belgia menyerah.

Pada 10 Mei 1940, Jerman menginvasi Luksemburg, Belanda, dan Belgia di bawah rencana operasi Kejatuhan Gelb (Rencana Kuning). Angkatan Darat Sekutu berusaha menghentikan Angkatan Darat Jerman di Belgia, meyakininya sebagai dorongan utama Jerman. Setelah Prancis benar-benar melakukan yang terbaik dari Angkatan Darat Sekutu ke Belgia antara 10 dan 12 Mei, Jerman memberlakukan fase kedua operasi mereka, memecah serbuan, atau pemotongan sabit, melalui Ardennes, dan maju ke Selat Inggris. Tentara Jerman (Heer) mencapai Selat Inggris setelah lima hari, mengepung pasukan Sekutu. Jerman secara bertahap mengurangi kantong pasukan Sekutu, memaksa mereka kembali ke laut. Angkatan Darat Belgia menyerah pada 28 Mei 1940, mengakhiri pertempuran. ^[3]

Pertempuran Belgia termasuk pertempuran tank pertama dalam perang, Pertempuran Hannut. ^[4] Itu adalah pertempuran tank terbesar dalam sejarah pada saat itu tetapi kemudian dilampaui oleh pertempuran dari Kampanye Afrika Utara dan Front Timur. Pertempuran itu juga termasuk Pertempuran Benteng Eben-Emael, operasi udara strategis pertama yang menggunakan Pasukan Terjun Payung yang pernah dicoba.

Catatan resmi Jerman menyatakan bahwa dalam 18 hari pertempuran sengit, Angkatan Darat Belgia adalah lawan yang tangguh, dan berbicara tentang "keberanian luar biasa" tentaranya. ^[5] Jatuhnya Belgia memaksa penarikan Sekutu dari benua Eropa. Angkatan Laut Britania Raya kemudian dievakuasi di pelabuhan Belgia selama Operasi Dynamo, yang memungkinkan British Expeditionary Force (BEF), bersama dengan banyak tentara Belgia dan Prancis, untuk melarikan diri menangkap dan melanjutkan operasi militer. Prancis mencapai gencatan senjata sendiri dengan Jerman pada bulan Juni 1940. Belgia diduduki oleh Jerman sampai musim gugur tahun 1944, ketika dibebaskan oleh Sekutu Barat.

Referensi

Catatan

^ Contributed lightly armed infantry units retreating from Dutch territory. Also committed the Dutch Air Force on few, ineffective and costly missions. Gunsburg 1992, hlm. 216.
^ The Belgian Army consisted of 22 divisions, the French provided 104, the British provided 10, and the Dutch 8 divisions. Holmes 2001, hlm. 324.
^ The Belgian Army had 1,338 guns, the French 10,700, the British 1,280, and the Dutch 656. Holmes 2001, hlm. 324.
^ The Belgian Army had 10 tanks, the French 3,063, the British 310 and the Dutch 1 tank. Holmes 2001, hlm. 324.
^ The Belgian Air Force consisted of 250 aircraft, the French Air Force 1,368, the British Royal Air Force provided 456 aircraft and the Dutch Air Force 175. Holmes 2001, hlm. 324.
^ The Belgian Army sustained 6,093 men killed, 15,850 men wounded in action, more than 500 men missing and 200,000 men captured, of which 2,000 died in captivity. Keegan 2005, hlm. 96; Ellis 1993, hlm. 255. French and British losses on Belgian territory are unknown. Keegan 2005, hlm. 96.
^ The Belgian Air Force lost 83 planes on the ground on 10 May, 25 lost in aerial combat between 10–15 May, and four lost in the air between 16–28 May. Hooton 2007, hlm. 49, 52, 53. French and British losses are not certain, however the French Air Force lost 264 aircraft between 12–25 May and 50 for 26 May – 1 June while the British Royal Air Force lost 344 and 138 aircraft in these respective periods. Hooton 2007, hlm. 57.
^ German air units doubled up and flew missions over the Netherlands and Belgium. Case specific loss totals for Belgium only cannot be certain. Total German losses in the air numbered 469 in 12–25 May, and 126 for 26 May – 1 June, but at least 43 paratroopers were killed and a further 100 wounded. Hooton 2007, hlm. 57; Dunstan 2005, hlm. 57.

Kutipan

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Holmes 2001, hlm. 324.
^ Belgian American Educational Foundation 1941.
^ Shirer 1990, hlm. 729.
^ Healy 2008, hlm. 36.
^ Keegan 2005, hlm. 95–96.

Daftar pustaka

Belgian American Educational Foundation (1941), The Belgian Campaign and the Surrender of the Belgian Army, 10–28 May 1940 (edisi ke-Third), University of Michigan
Belgium, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (1941), Belgium : The Official Account of What Happened 1939–1940, Evans Brothers, OCLC 42016037
Bloock, Bernard (2003), Belgian Fortifications, May 1940, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-10-05, diakses tanggal 10 May 2014
Bond, Brian (1975), France and Belgium, 1939–1940, London: Davis-Poynter, ISBN 978-0-7067-0168-5
Bond, Brian (1990), Britain, France, and Belgium, 1939–1940, London: Brassey's (UK) Riverside, N.J, ISBN 978-0-08-037700-1
Bond, Brian; Taylor, Michael (2001), The Battle of France and Flanders 1940, London: Leo Cooper, ISBN 978-0-85052-811-4
Cull, Brian (1999), Twelve Days in May, London: Grub Street Publishing (UK), ISBN 978-1902304120
Dunstan, Simon (2005), Fort Eben Emael, Oxford: Osprey Publishing (UK), ISBN 978-1-84176-821-2
Ellis, John (1993), The World War II Data Book, Aurum Press, ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6
Ellis, Major L.F. (2004) [1954], Butler, J.R.M, ed., The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940, History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series, Naval & Military Press, ISBN 978-1-84574-056-6
Fowler, Will (2002), France, Holland, and Belgium 1940, Hersham: Ian Allan, ISBN 978-0-7110-2944-6
Frieser, Karl-Heinz; Greenwood, John T. (2005), The Blitzkrieg Legend: The 1940 Campaign in the West, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1-59114-294-2
Gunsburg, Jeffrey A. (April 1992), "The Battle of the Belgian Plain, 12–14 May 1940: The First Great Tank Battle", The Journal of Military History, 56 (2): 207–244, doi:10.2307/1985797
Harclerode, Peter (2006), Wings Of War: Airborne Warfare 1918-1945, Arizona: Phoenix, ISBN 978-0304367306
Healy, Mark (2008), Prigent, John, ed., Panzerwaffe: The Campaigns in the West 1940, 1, Shepperton: Ian Allan, ISBN 978-0-7110-3240-8
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Bacaan tambahan

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Weal, John (1997), Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader 1937–1941, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-85532-636-1

[Belanda-1] Contributed lightly armed infantry units retreating from Dutch territory. Also committed the Dutch Air Force on few, ineffective and costly missions. Gunsburg 1992, hlm. 216.

[Divisi-2] The Belgian Army consisted of 22 divisions, the French provided 104, the British provided 10, and the Dutch 8 divisions. Holmes 2001, hlm. 324.

[Meriam-3] The Belgian Army had 1,338 guns, the French 10,700, the British 1,280, and the Dutch 656. Holmes 2001, hlm. 324.

[tank-4] The Belgian Army had 10 tanks, the French 3,063, the British 310 and the Dutch 1 tank. Holmes 2001, hlm. 324.

[Pesawat-5] The Belgian Air Force consisted of 250 aircraft, the French Air Force 1,368, the British Royal Air Force provided 456 aircraft and the Dutch Air Force 175. Holmes 2001, hlm. 324.

[Men_lost-7] The Belgian Army sustained 6,093 men killed, 15,850 men wounded in action, more than 500 men missing and 200,000 men captured, of which 2,000 died in captivity. Keegan 2005, hlm. 96; Ellis 1993, hlm. 255. French and British losses on Belgian territory are unknown. Keegan 2005, hlm. 96.

[Pesawat_hilang-8] The Belgian Air Force lost 83 planes on the ground on 10 May, 25 lost in aerial combat between 10–15 May, and four lost in the air between 16–28 May. Hooton 2007, hlm. 49, 52, 53. French and British losses are not certain, however the French Air Force lost 264 aircraft between 12–25 May and 50 for 26 May – 1 June while the British Royal Air Force lost 344 and 138 aircraft in these respective periods. Hooton 2007, hlm. 57.

[German_casualties-9] German air units doubled up and flew missions over the Netherlands and Belgium. Case specific loss totals for Belgium only cannot be certain. Total German losses in the air numbered 469 in 12–25 May, and 126 for 26 May – 1 June, but at least 43 paratroopers were killed and a further 100 wounded. Hooton 2007, hlm. 57; Dunstan 2005, hlm. 57.

[FOOTNOTEHolmes2001324-6] Holmes 2001, hlm. 324.

[FOOTNOTEBelgian_American_Educational_Foundation1941-10] Belgian American Educational Foundation 1941.

[FOOTNOTEShirer1990729-11] Shirer 1990, hlm. 729.

[FOOTNOTEHealy200836-12] Healy 2008, hlm. 36.

[FOOTNOTEKeegan200595–96-13] Keegan 2005, hlm. 95–96.

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