Kashtariti

Kashtariti (bahasa Akkadia: Kaš-ta-ri-ti, bahasa Persia Kuno: Xšaθrita; fl. 670-an SM) adalah seorang kepala suku Media. Ia disebutkan sebagai "Raja Media" dalam sebuah prasasti tertanggal 678 SM.^[1] Wilayahnya mungkin terletak di sepanjang perbatasan timur laut Asyur. Di antara harta miliknya adalah kota Karkašši.^[2] Kashtariti menjalin aliansi dengan Gimirrites (Kimmeri), Mannea, Mede and Skithia melawan Asyur.

Teks Asyur menyebutkan serangan Kashtariti ke Asyur, kemudian di bawah kepemimpinan Esarhadon. Orakel biasanya dicari oleh penguasa Asyur untuk acara-acara seperti itu, memohon para dewa untuk menilai situasi dan membimbing mereka menuju bantuan. Esarhadon tidak asing dengan praktik seperti itu, sering beralih ke orakel ini untuk meminta nasihat. Sebelum keputusan dapat dibuat oleh nubuat ini, hewan akan dikorbankan dan pertanda kemudian akan ditafsirkan berdasarkan posisi bangkai. Keputusan kemudian akan dibuat berdasarkan pertanda ini.^[3] Dalam hal ini, Esarhadon meminta petunjuk kepada imam dewa matahari, Shamash.^[4] Prasasti yang berasal dari abad ke-VII SM, sebagian besar ditemukan di Nineveh, menggambarkan beberapa "permintaan orakel" dalam kaitannya dengan Kashtariti pada khususnya.^[5] Di antara pertanyaan yang diajukan kepada Shamash selama permintaan orakel ini adalah apakah Kashtariti merupakan ancaman bagi Asyur, dan apakah ia akan menaklukkan beberapa kota Asyur.^[6] Kashtariti telah meminta bantuan kepala suku Media lainnya, Mamitiarshu, untuk menyerang kota Kisasu di Asyur.^[7] Satu permintaan orakel yang tercatat menyatakan bahwa Esarhadon takut kehilangan kota ke Media.^[8] Kashtariti juga merencanakan serangan di kota Kilmân di Asyur dengan Mannea dan Saparda.^[9]

Jelas bahwa serangan Kashtariti bukanlah satu-satunya kejadian karena Esarhadon terus-menerus mencari nubuat untuk membantu menangani kampanyenya yang mengganggu ke wilayah Asyur.^[10] Satu permintaan orakel menunjukkan bahwa Kashtariti berusaha untuk berdamai dengan Asyur. Dia mengirim seorang utusan ke istana kerajaan Asyur, dengan harapan menciptakan sebuah perjanjian. Esarhadon memohon kepada Shamash, menanyakan apakah dia harus menyetujui perdamaian ^[11] atau menginterogasi utusan itu dan membunuhnya.^[12] Permintaan orakel berikutnya menunjukkan bahwa perdamaian tidak pernah tercapai. Sebaliknya, Asyur mungkin melakukan pembalasan terhadap Kashtariti dan pasukannya, dengan maksud untuk akhirnya mengakhiri serangan dari Kashtariti.^[13] Aliansi Kashtariti terpecah karena perselisihan internal, dan kampanye Kashtariti di Asyur berakhir sebelum 673 SM. Beberapa suku Skitia melanjutkan serangan ke Asyur. Suku Skithia lainnya, di bawah kepemimpinan Bartatua, berusaha menikahi putri Esarhadon untuk membuat aliansi dengan Esarhadon sebagai sarana untuk mengakhiri permusuhan. Suku Media lainnya dalam aliansi Kashtariti juga berdamai dengan Asyur.^[14]

Dinyatakan bahwa Kashtariti dapat diidentifikasi sebagai raja Media Phraortes. Tetapi beberapa cendekiawan menyangkal hubungan seperti itu berdasarkan bukti sejarah dan perbedaan linguistik dalam nama asli Iran dari kedua penguasa.

Referensi sunting

^ Howorth 1892, hlm. 375: "In an inscription dated in 678 B.C., Kash-tariti, according to Boscawen, is called "King of the Medes".
^ Dandamayev: "KASHTARITI (kaš-ta-ri-ti, the Old Iranian Khshathrita), a city lord of Karkashshi which was located in the Central Zagros mountains."
^ Jastrow 1898, hlm. 333
^ Jastrow 1898, hlm. 334: "Esarhaddon, being hard pressed by a group of nations to the northeast of Assyria, led by a certain Kashtariti, and among whose followers the Gimirrites, the Medes, and Manneans are the most prominent, asks for an oracle from Shamash as to the outcome of the situation."
^ Kuhrt 2007, hlm. 28: "[...] All come from Nineveh (Kouyundjik) and belong to the category of 'oracle requests' addressed to the Mesopotamian sun god, Shamash.
^ Dandamayev: "In one query Esarhaddon asks whether a Median chieftain by the name of Mamitiarshu and Kashtariti would become hostile to the Assyrians [...] In several questions Esarhaddon asks whether Kashtariti with his troops, as well as his Cimmerian, Median and Mannean allies would conquer some particular cities."
^ Maspero 1900, hlm. 353–354: "On one occasion it was Kashtariti, the regent of Karkashshi, who wrote to Mamitiarshu, one of the Median princes, to induce him to make common cause with himself in attacking the fortress of Kishshashshu on the eastern border of the empire."
^ Jastrow 1898, hlm. 334
^ Maspero 1900, hlm. 354: "At another time we find the same chief plotting with the Mannai and the Saparda to raid the town of Kilmân, and Esarhaddon implores the god to show him how the place may be saved from their machinations."
^ Jastrow 1898, hlm. 338
^ Kuhrt 2007, hlm. 28
^ Kuhrt 2007, hlm. 28: "[Shamash grea]t [lord, give me a f]irm, positive answer to what I am ask[ing you! Should Esarhad]don, ki[ng of Assyria, send] the messenger of his choice [to Kash]tar[itu, the city ruler] of Karkashshi? [And if Esarhaddo]n , king of Assyria, [sends his messenger to K]ashtaritu, [will he, on the advice of his advi]sors, [seize] that messenger, [question him], kill him?"
^ Kuhrt 2007, hlm. 28–29
^ Goodspeed 1902, hlm. 292–293

Sumber

Howorth, Henry H. (16 April 1892), "The Beginnings of Persian History", The Academy, London, XLI, diakses tanggal 8 June 2015
Maspero, Gaston (1900), Sayce, Archibald Henry, ed., The Passing of the Empires: 850 B.C. to 330 B.C., London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, diakses tanggal 7 June 2015
Dandamayev, M., Kashtariti, Encyclopædia Iranica, diakses tanggal 7 June 2015
Jastrow, Morris (1898), The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Boston: Ginn & Co., hdl:2027/mdp.39015008683719  , diakses tanggal 6 June 2015
Kuhrt, Amélie (2007), The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period, Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: Routledge, diakses tanggal 7 June 2015
Goodspeed, George Stephen (1902), A History of the Babylonians and Assyrians, New York: C. Scribner's Sons, diakses tanggal 8 June 2015

Gelar kebangsawanan
Didahului oleh: tidak diketahui	Lord Karkašši fl. 670-an SM	Diteruskan oleh: Diokis sbg Raja Media

[Howorth-King-1] Howorth 1892, hlm. 375: "In an inscription dated in 678 B.C., Kash-tariti, according to Boscawen, is called "King of the Medes".

[Iranica-Karkashshi-2] Dandamayev: "KASHTARITI (kaš-ta-ri-ti, the Old Iranian Khshathrita), a city lord of Karkashshi which was located in the Central Zagros mountains."

[Jastrow-Oracles-3] Jastrow 1898, hlm. 333

[Jastrow-Esarhaddon-4] Jastrow 1898, hlm. 334: "Esarhaddon, being hard pressed by a group of nations to the northeast of Assyria, led by a certain Kashtariti, and among whose followers the Gimirrites, the Medes, and Manneans are the most prominent, asks for an oracle from Shamash as to the outcome of the situation."

[Kuhrt-OracleRequests-5] Kuhrt 2007, hlm. 28: "[...] All come from Nineveh (Kouyundjik) and belong to the category of 'oracle requests' addressed to the Mesopotamian sun god, Shamash.

[Iranica-Conquest-6] Dandamayev: "In one query Esarhaddon asks whether a Median chieftain by the name of Mamitiarshu and Kashtariti would become hostile to the Assyrians [...] In several questions Esarhaddon asks whether Kashtariti with his troops, as well as his Cimmerian, Median and Mannean allies would conquer some particular cities."

[Maspero-Kishsassu-7] Maspero 1900, hlm. 353–354: "On one occasion it was Kashtariti, the regent of Karkashshi, who wrote to Mamitiarshu, one of the Median princes, to induce him to make common cause with himself in attacking the fortress of Kishshashshu on the eastern border of the empire."

[Jastrow-Kishassu-8] Jastrow 1898, hlm. 334

[Maspero-Kilman-9] Maspero 1900, hlm. 354: "At another time we find the same chief plotting with the Mannai and the Saparda to raid the town of Kilmân, and Esarhaddon implores the god to show him how the place may be saved from their machinations."

[Jastrow-Campaigns-10] Jastrow 1898, hlm. 338

[Kuhrt-Peace-11] Kuhrt 2007, hlm. 28

[Kuhrt-Interrogate-12] Kuhrt 2007, hlm. 28: "[Shamash grea]t [lord, give me a f]irm, positive answer to what I am ask[ing you! Should Esarhad]don, ki[ng of Assyria, send] the messenger of his choice [to Kash]tar[itu, the city ruler] of Karkashshi? [And if Esarhaddo]n , king of Assyria, [sends his messenger to K]ashtaritu, [will he, on the advice of his advi]sors, [seize] that messenger, [question him], kill him?"

[Kuhrt-Retaliation-13] Kuhrt 2007, hlm. 28–29

[Goodspeed-Campaigns-14] Goodspeed 1902, hlm. 292–293

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