Bernardino Nogara
Bernardino Nogara (17 Juni 1870 – 15 November 1958) adalah penasehat keuangan Vatikan antara 1929 dan 1954, yang diangkat oleh Paus Pius XI dan dipertahankan oleh Paus Pius XII sebagai Direktur Administrasi Khusus Takhta Suci pertama. Menurut sejarawan John F. Pollard, Nogara menghimpun "fondasi-fondasi" bagi "salah satu tiang terbesar bagi kekuatan keuangan Vatikan pasca-Perang Dunia Kedua."[1]
Catatan sunting
- ^ Pollard, 1990, at 1091.
Referensi sunting
- Lo Bello, N. (1973). The Vatican empire. New York. trans. from L'Oro del Vaticano. (1971). Milan.
- Murphy, Paul I. and Arlington, R. Rene. (1983) La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pasqualina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History. New York: Warner Books Inc. ISBN 0-446-51258-3
- McGoldrick, Patricia M. (2012). “New Perspectives on Pius XII and Vatican Financial Transactions during the Second World War”, The Historical Journal. 55: 1029 -1048.
- McGoldrick, Patricia M. (October 10, 2015). "The Wrong Nogara". The Tablet.
- Phayer, Michael. 2008. "Papal Capitalism during World War II" in Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34930-9. pp. 96–133.
- Pollard, John F. (1999). "The Vatican and the Wall Street Crash: Bernardino Nogara and the Papal Finances in the early 1930s." The Historical Journal, 42: 1077-1091.
- Pollard, John F. (2005). Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950. Cambridge University Press.
- Pollard, John F. (September 12, 2015). "Follow the Money". The Tablet.
- Posner, Gerald, (2015). God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Malachi Martin - Rich Church, Poor Church (Putnam, New York, 1984) ISBN 0-399-12906-5
- (dalam bahasa Italia) Saba, Andrea Filippo. (2004). "La Società Commerciale D'Oriente entre la Diversificación y la situación estratégica Internacional (1902-1935)". Historia Empresarial.