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'''Magister Bisnis Administrasi''' ([[bahasa Inggris]]: '''Master of Business Administration''', '''MBA''') adalah sebuah [[gelar tersier]] dalam [[manajemen bisnis]]. Awalnya dirancang untuk menyediakan para teknisi dengan kemampuan [[manajemen]], sekarang ini MBA mengambil pendaftar dari berbagai macam disiplin.
MBA dianggap sebuah [[gelar Master profesional]] dan juga [[gelar Master|gelar akademis tradisional]]. Namun, penyelesaian dari sebuah profesional MBA biasanya tidak dapat melanjutkan ke tingkat [[Doktor Filosofi|Ph.D.]] meskipun dapat menolong. Sekolah yang menawarkan MBA biasanya dikenal sebagai [[sekolah bisnis]] atau manajemen.
== Sejarah ==
Perancangan MBA berasal dari [[Amerika Serikat]], yang mulai sebagai negara industri dan perusahaan-perusahaan mulai mengadakan pendekatan [[ilmiah]] dalam manajemen. Sekolah bisnis Amerika pertama, [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]], diresmikan pada 1891.
Di AS, biaya rata-rata untuk mendapatkan gelar MBA melalui program penuh-waktu "accredited" (tidak termasuk tempat tinggal) meningkat dari AS$124.000 pada 1993 menjadi $162.000 pada 2001 (lihat Davies and Cline, 2005).
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In the United States, the average cost attaining an MBA degree via an accredited full-time program (excluding room and board) rose from $124,000 in 1993 to $162,000 in 2001 (see Davies and Cline, 2005). The bulk of the cost is in the form of foregone earnings ($109,000 in 1993 and $139,000 in 2001). Accounting for the decrease in expected unemployment as well as the increase in expected wages and expected wage growth, the financial benefits to holding an MBA degree are the equivalent of an 18% rate of return on the cost of the degree (see Davies and Cline, 2005).
==Executive MBA==
Program eksekutif MBA pertama kali diluncurkan oleh University of Chicago di tahun 1943. Untuk bisa bergabung ke program ini, calon peserta harus telah memiliki sekian tahun pengalaman managerial.
Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA) programs were first established for senior [[executive]]s by the [[University of Chicago]] in [[1943]]. These programs typically require significant business experience to gain admission. They may serve as [[finishing school]]s for upwardly mobile executives, or as catch-up educational opportunities for technical executives who lack business expertise.
Such EMBA alumni directories are generally regarded as the sources of top tier business talents in the world.
==Admissions Criteria==
Programs usually base admissions on the [[GMAT]] test, significant work experience, academic transcripts, references, and personal interviews. Schools are also interested in extra curricular activities and community service activities. The latter is more so for what are considered top-tier full-time MBA programs.
==Program Content==
===Breadth===
MBA programs expose students to a variety of subjects, including [[economics]], [[organizational behaviour]], [[marketing]], [[accounting]], [[finance]], [[strategic management|strategy]], [[international trade|international business]], [[information technology management]], and [[government policy]].
In the traditional US MBA model, students study a wide breadth of courses in the program's first year, then pursue specialization in the second year.
In other parts of the world programmes normally last for shorter periods. Typically in Europe the duration is between 11 and 16 months.
===Specialization===
Many programs allow students to specialize in a particular area, such as [[organizational behaviour]], [[marketing]], [[accounting]], [[finance]], [[technology management]], strategy or [[international business]]. Unspecialized MBA programs often focus second-year studies on [[strategy]].
====MBAs in Academic advancement====
MBAs from universities evaluated by [[United States National Research Council]] (USNRC) may equip future scholars and [[professors]]. Such MBA category is a milestone for both professional and academic career advancement. Refer to faculty directories of such schools and USNRC ratings.
====MBAs in Management consulting====
Business schools and leading media announced on regular basis recruitment of MBAs by leading [[management consulting]] firms.
==International MBA Programs==
Today, MBA/[[DBA]] designations can be found anywhere and even accessed through [[on-line]], [[distance learning]] or [[e-learning]], such as that offered by the [[Open University Business School]] of the UK which has students world-wide. Because of the varying standards of MBAs worldwide, many of the elite business schools are [[accreditation|accredited]] by independent bodies, such as the [[Association of MBAs]] and the [[European Foundation for Management Development]].
===France===
France has initiated one-year MBA programs, with [[INSEAD]] MBA pioneering this formula in 1959. Other French [[business schools]] have created since then (mostly in the 90's) their own MBA program, (12 to 24 months), but with a much lower emphasis on internationalization and diversity than [[INSEAD]]'s.
===UK===
The [[UK]] Government announced in its [[April 2004]] [[budget]] that persons holding an MBA degree from the world's top fifty business schools will be entitled to work in the UK for one year. After this year has elapsed, they are likely to qualify for the UK's [[Highly Skilled Migrant Programme]]. This, in effect, means that an MBA from one of the top schools is a ticket to UK residency status.
[[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]] joined the [[London Business School]] in the [[Financial Times]] league table in [[2000]], an indication that the MBA degree is proving to be as successful in Europe as it has in the USA.
==Non-traditional MBA==
MBAs may be freely granted by exemption of professional designation(s) or other undergraduate programs under certain [[jurisdiction]]s. In such cases, holding a MBA may attach different non-traditional values or images, etc. This may mean a pair of affiliated qualifications or co-branding applicable in certain circles.
Such post-graduate level exemptions are generally not available in American accredited business schools. Under [[globalization]], even in [[China]], MBA as a state award with exemptions in Uniform MBA exams and/or course work plus attendance is absolutely illegal and impossible.
Conversion of non-academic program (particularly at undergraduate level) into post-graduate credits without international [[credential]] evaluation and without a formal program of post-graduate learning process are innovative and technical arena in higher adult education.
Serious students should balance league table ranking and practicality of having a post-graduate MBA. Please notice that in leading Open Universities, no single module and learning compliance can be exempted. As such, the status of the degree award institutions are our primary reference for MBA value.
== External accreditation ==
Business schools and MBA courses may be accredited by external bodies which provide students and employers with an independent view of their quality.
Acceditation may be provided by
*[[The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB) - mostly USA schools
*[[EQUIS]] (European Quality Improvement System) - mostly European schools
*[[Association of MBAs]] (AMBA) - mostly non-USA schools
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== Lihat pula ==
* [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] (BBA), gelar [[sarjana]] dalam bidang administrasi bisnis.
* [[Doctor of Business Administration]] (DBA), gelar [[doktor]] dalam bidang administrasi bisnis.
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.economist.com/globalExecutive/education/mba/displayStory.cfm?story_id=2135907 MBA History from The Economist]
* [http://www.mba.com Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC)]
* [http://www.aacsb.edu/publications/archives/JanFeb05/p42-45.pdf The ROI on the MBA]
* [http://mba.sciences-po.fr MBA Sciences-Po]
* [http://www.mba.today MBA Today]
[[Kategori:Gelar akademik|Bisnis Administrasi, Master]]
[[Kategori:Bisnis]]
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