Kambing hitam: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Image:TheScapegoat-WilliamHolmanHunt.jpg|thumb|400px|'''''The Scapegoat''''' oleh [[William Holman Hunt]], 1854. Hunt memuat kata-kata berikut dalam gambar ini: "Tetapi sesungguhnya, penyakit kitalah yang ditanggungnya, dan kesengsaraan kita yang dipikulnya, padahal kita mengira dia kena tulah, dipukul dan ditindas Allah." ([[Kitab Yesaya|Yesaya]] 53:4) dan "Demikianlah kambing jantan itu harus mengangkut segala kesalahan Israel ke tanah yang tandus, dan kambing itu harus dilepaskan di padang gurun." ([[Kitab Imamat|Imamat]] 16:22)]]
'''Kambing hitam''' adalah istilah untuk menyebut seseorang atau sesuatu yang ditimpakan kesalahan mengenai sesuatu. Misalnya orang [[Yahudi]] yang dijadikan kambing hitam oleh pemerintah [[Jerman Nazi]] untuk krisis ekonomi dan politik saat itu. Atau pemain [[sepakbola]] [[Colombia]] [[Andrés Escobar]] yang dikambing hitamkan karena [[gol bunuh diri]]nya di [[Piala Dunia 1994]] dan ditembak mati saat ia kembali ke tanah air.▼
'''Kambing hitam''' adalah seekor [[kambing]] yang dilepaskan ke padang gurun sebagai bagian dari upacara [[Yom Kippur]], Hari Pendamaian, dalam [[Yudaisme]] pada masa [[Bait Suci di Yerusalem]]. Ritus ini dilukiskan dalam [[Kitab Imamat]] 16.
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== Latar belakang ==
=== Kitab suci Ibrani===
Dua ekor kambing jantan yang tampak sangat mirip dibawa ke halaman [[Bait Suci di Yerusalem]] pada hari Yom Kippur sebagai bagian dari Ibadat Suci pada hari itu. Imam Agung kemudian melemparkan undian atas kedua kambing itu. Salah seekor kambing dipersembahkan sebagai [[Korban|korban bakaran]]. Yang kedua adalah kambing hitam. Imam Agung meletakkan tangannya pada kepala kambing itu dan mengakui dosa-dosa bangsa Israel. Kambing hitam itu kemudian dibawa pergi dan dilepaskan di padang gurun sesuai dengan Imamat 16:22, meskipun [[Talmud]] menambahkan bahwa kambing itu didorong jatuh dari sebuah tebing yagn jauh.
Dalam [[bahasa Ibrani|bahasa Ibrani modern]] ''[[Azazel]]'' digunakan sebagai ejekan, seperti dalam ''lekh la-Azazel'' ("pergi ke Azazel"), seperti "pergi ke [[neraka]]". (Azazel adalah kata yang diterjemahkan menjadi "scapegoat" atau ''kambing hitam'' dalam [[Alkitab Raja James]].)
Istilah "scapegoat" atau ''kambing hitam'' - yang sama sekali tidak ada hubungannya dengan warna hitam - adalah akibat kekeliruan terjemahan oleh [[William Tyndale]] (sekitar [[1530]]). Ia mengacaukan kata 'azazel' (nama tebing yang daripadanya kambing itu didorong) dengan 'ez ozel' (harafiah berarti kambing yang pergi). Azazel muncul dalam kitab suci sebagai penerima dari kambing [kedua] yang memikul dosa-dosa di kepalanya.
<!--=== Christianity ===
In [[Christianity|Christian]] [[theology]], the story of the scapegoat in Leviticus is interpreted as a symbolic prefiguration of the self-sacrifice of [[Jesus]], who takes the sins of humanity on his own head, having been driven into the 'wilderness' outside the city by order of the high priests.
Controversial Christian anthropologist [[René Girard]] has provided a reconstruction of the scapegoat theory. In Girard's view, it is humankind, not God, who has the problem with violence. Humans are driven by desire for that which another has or wants (mimetic desire). This causes a triangulation of desire and results in conflict between the desiring parties. This mimetic ''contagion'' increases to a point where society is at risk; it is at this point that the ''scapegoat mechanism'' is triggered. This is the point where one person is singled out as the cause of the trouble and is expelled or killed by the group. This person is the scapegoat. Social order is restored as people are contented that they have solved the cause of their problems by removing the scapegoated individual, and the cycle begins again. Girard contends that this is what happened in the case of [[Jesus]]. The difference in this case, Girard believes, is that he was resurrected from the dead and shown to be innocent; humanity is thus made aware of its violent tendencies and the cycle is broken. Satan, who is seen to be manifested in the contagion, is cast out. Thus Girard's work is significant as a re-construction of the ''Christus Victor'' [[atonement]] theory.
== Metaphor ==
{{Wiktionary}}
When used as a [[metaphor]], a ''scapegoat'' is someone selected to bear [[blame]] for a [[calamity]]. '''Scapegoating''' is the act of holding a person, group of people, or thing responsible for a multitude of problems. This is also known as a [[frameup]]. Scapegoats can also be referred to as [[patsy|patsies]].
=== Political/sociological scapegoating ===
Scapegoating is an important tool of [[propaganda]]; for example, the [[Jew]]s were singled out in [[Nazi propaganda]] as the source of [[Germany]]'s economic woes and political collapse.
Scapegoating is often more devastating when applied to a minority group as they are inherently less able to defend themselves. A tactic often employed is to characterize an entire group of individuals according to the unethical or immoral conduct of a small number of individuals belonging to that group, also known as [[guilt by association]].
"Scapegoated" groups throughout history have included almost every imaginable group of people: adherents of different religion, people of different race or nation or political belief, people differing in behaviour of majority. However, scapegoating may also be applied to organizations, such as governments, corporations, or various political groups.
In industrialised societies, scapegoating of traditional minority groups is increasingly frowned upon.
[[Mobbing]] is a form of sociological scapegoating which occurs in the workplace. From [http://arts.uwaterloo.ca/~kwesthue/ohs-canada.htm At The Mercy Of The Mob] A summary of research on workplace mobbing by Kenneth Westhues, Prof. of Sociology University of Waterloo, published in OHS Canada, Canada's Occupational Health & Safety Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 8, December 2002, pp. 30-36.
<blockquote>"Scapegoating is an effective if temporary means of achieving group solidarity, when it cannot be achieved in a more constructive way. It is a turning inward, a diversion of energy away from serving nebulous external purposes toward the deliciously clear, specific goal of ruining a disliked co-worker's life. ...
Mobbing can be understood as the stressor to beat all stressors. It is an impassioned, collective campaign by co-workers to exclude, punish, and humiliate a targeted worker. Initiated most often by a person in a position of power or influence, mobbing is a desperate urge to crush and eliminate the target. The urge travels through the workplace like a virus, infecting one person after another. The target comes to be viewed as absolutely abhorrent, with no redeeming qualities, outside the circle of acceptance and respectability, deserving only of contempt. As the campaign proceeds, a steadily larger range of hostile ploys and communications comes to be seen as legitimate."</blockquote>
Compare: ''[[moral panic]]; [[hue and cry]]; [[witchhunt]], [[shoot the messenger]], [[Blame Canada]]''
===Scapegoating in sports===
In [[sports]], scapegoats are common. In '''[[baseball]]''', [[Bill Buckner]] is blamed for losing the [[1986 World Series]] due to a critical error, and in Japan, the [[Hanshin Tigers]] blame the [[Curse of the Colonel]] on their repeated failure to win at the [[Japan Series]].
In '''[[American football]]''', [[Scott Norwood]] is blamed for losing the [[Super Bowl]] for the [[Buffalo Bills]] during [[Super Bowl XXV]] by missing the probable game winning field goal.
[[Andrés Escobar]], a Colombian '''[[football (soccer)]]''' player, was shot dead after he scored an [[own goal]] that knocked his team out of the 1994 World Cup.
[[Marc-Andre Fleury]], a Canadian '''[[ice hockey]]''' goalie is blamed for losing the [[2004 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]] gold medal game to the United States. As he came out of his net to clear the puck out of the defensive zone it bounced off [[Patrick O'Sullivan]]'s leg and into the empty net.
In [[2005]], [[ESPN Classic]] created the series [[The Top 5 Reasons You Can't Blame...]], in which it examines why the conceived scapegoat(s) should, in fact, ''not'' be held responsible.
=== Scapegoating in psychoanalytic theory ===
[[Psychoanalytic theory]] holds that unwanted thoughts and feelings can be unconsciously [[psychological projection|projected]] onto another who becomes a scapegoat for one's own problems. This concept can be extended to projection by groups. In this case the chosen individual, or group, becomes the scapegoat for the group's problems.
[[Karpman's Drama Triangle]] does a fine job of illustrating the Rescuer, Persecutor and Victim roles attendant in the scapegoating dynamic in any relationship of three or more people. [[SighKoBlahGrr]]'s Rodger Garrett asserts that early life habituation to scapegoating can result in a paranoid interpersonal orientation with a likelihood of [[passive-aggressive]] personality traits in adolescence leading to unfortunate parataxical integrations (see [[Harry Stack Sullivan]]) between parents and teenagers.
If the scapegoating pattern continues into early adulthood, development towards healthy personal [[identity]] is likely to be compromised, with strong likelihood of [[histrionic]], compensatory [[narcissistic]], and/or [[obsessive-compulsive]], as well as passive-aggressive traits. Fully-criterial [[personality disorders]] are likely, leading to severe, ego-protecting "affect management behaviors" including [[alcoholism]], [[drug addiction]] and other substance and behavioral process disorders.
-->== Lihat pula ==
* [[Tembak sang utusan]]
* [[Bayangan (psikologi)|Bayangan]]
== Pranala luar ==
*[http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/pre-raphaelites/scapegoat/scapegoat.asp 'The Scapegoat' (1854)], lukisan oleh William Holman Hunt
*[http://www.birchmore.org/html/scapegoating.html Kambing hitam dalam Teori Analitis Kelompok] (file PDF)
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