Dwight D. Eisenhower: Perbedaan antara revisi

=== InDalam servicepelayanan ofpara generalsjenderal ===

[[File:Eisenhower transcontinental military convoy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Eisenhower (farpaling rightkanan) withdengan threetiga friendstemannya (William Stuhler, Major Brett, anddan Paul V. Robinson) inpada tahun 1919, fourempat yearstahun aftersetelah graduatinglulus fromdari West Point]]

AfterSetelah the warperang, Eisenhower revertedkembali toke hispangkat regular rank ofregulernya [[CaptainKapten (U.S.Angkatan Darat ArmyAS)|captainkapten]] anddan abeberapa fewhari dayskemudian laterdipromosikan was promoted tomenjadi [[MajorMayor (UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat)|majormayor]], apangkat rankyang hedipegangnya held forselama 16 yearstahun. <ref name="Ambrose 1983, p. 14" /> TheMayor majorditugaskan waspada assigned intahun 1919 toke akonvoi transcontinentalAngkatan ArmyDarat convoylintas tobenua testuntuk vehiclesmenguji andkendaraan dramatizedan themendramatisasi needkebutuhan foruntuk improvedperbaikan roadsjalan indi thenegara nationtersebut. IndeedMemang, therata-rata convoykonvoi averaged onlyhanya {{convert|5|mph|km/h}} fromdari Washington, D.C., toke San Francisco; later thekemudian improvementperbaikan ofjalan highwaysraya becamemenjadi amasalah signaturetanda issuetangan forbagi Eisenhower assebagai presidentpresiden.<ref>{{harvnb|Ambrose|1983|p=69}}</ref>

HeDia assumedmengambil dutiestugas againlagi atdi [[Camp Meade]], [[Maryland]], commandingmemimpin abatalion battaliontank, ofdi tanks,mana wheredia hetinggal remainedsampai untiltahun 1922. His schoolingSekolahnya continuedberlanjut, focusedfokus onpada thesifat natureperang ofberikutnya thedan next war and the role of theperan tank indi itdalamnya. HisKeahlian newbarunya expertise indalam [[perang tank warfare]] was strengthened bydiperkuat aoleh closekolaborasi collaborationerat withdengan [[George S. Patton]], [[Sereno E. Brett]], anddan otherpemimpin tank senior tank leaderslainnya. Their leadingIde-edgeide ideasterdepan ofmereka speed-orientedtentang offensiveperang tank warfareofensif wereberorientasi stronglykecepatan discouragedsangat bytidak superiorsdianjurkan oleh atasan, whoyang consideredmenganggap thependekatan newbaru approachterlalu tooradikal radicaldan andlebih preferredmemilih tountuk continueterus usingmenggunakan tanks intank adalam strictlyperan supportiveyang rolesangat formendukung theuntuk infantryinfanteri. Eisenhower wasbahkan evendiancam threatened withdengan [[court-martialpengadilan militer]] forkarena continuedterus publicationmempublikasikan ofmetode thesepenyebaran proposedtank methodsyang of tankdiusulkan deploymentini, anddan hedia relentedmengalah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sixsmith |first1=E. K. G. |title=Eisenhower, His Life and Campaigns |year=1973 |page=6 |publisher=Conshohocken, PA Combined Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ambrose|1983|pp=70–73}}</ref>

FromDari tahun 1920, Eisenhower servedbertugas underdi abawah successionsuksesi of talentedjenderal generals&nbsp;berbakat – [[Fox Conner]], [[John J. Pershing]], [[Douglas MacArthur]] anddan [[George Marshall]]. He firstDia becamepertama executivekali officermenjadi topejabat Generaleksekutif Jenderal Conner in thedi [[PanamaZona CanalTerusan ZonePanama]], wheredi mana, joinedbergabung bydengan Mamie, hedia servedmenjabat untilsampai tahun 1924. UnderDi bawah pengawasan Conner's tutelage, heia studiedmempelajari militarysejarah historydan andteori theorymiliter (includingtermasuk karya [[Carl von Clausewitz]]'s ''[[On War]]''), anddan laterkemudian citedmengutip Conner'spengaruh enormousbesar influenceConner onpada hispemikiran military thinkingmiliternya, sayingmengatakan pada intahun 1962 thatbahwa "Fox Conner wasadalah thepria paling ablestcakap manyang Ipernah eversaya knewkenal." Conner's commentKomentar Conner ontentang Eisenhower wasadalah, "[HeDia] isadalah onesalah ofsatu theperwira mostpaling capablecakap, efficientefisien, and loyaldan officerssetia Iyang havepernah eversaya mettemui."<ref>{{harvnb|Ambrose|1983|pp=73–76}}</ref> OnAtas rekomendasi Conner's recommendation, inpada 1925–26 heia attended themenghadiri [[Command and General Staff College]] atdi [[Fort Leavenworth]], Kansas, wheredi hemana graduatedia firstlulus inpertama adi class ofkelas 245 officersperwira.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/bender/bender.asp |title=Watershed at Leavenworth |access-date=September 6, 2008 |last=Bender |first=Mark C. |year=1990 |publisher=U.S. Army Command and General Staff College |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029063505/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/bender/bender.asp |archive-date=October 29, 2008 }}</ref><ref>American President: An Online Reference Resource, ''Dwight David Eisenhower (1890–1969)'', [http://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/biography/2 "Life Before the Presidency,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605065316/http://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/biography/2 |date=June 5, 2011 }} Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia.</ref> HeDia thenkemudian servedmenjabat assebagai akomandan [[battalionbatalion]] commander atdi [[Fort Benning]], [[Georgia (U.S.negara bagian stateAS)|Georgia]], untilhingga 1927.

DuringSelama theakhir late1920-an 1920sdan andawal early 1930s1930-an, karir Eisenhower's careerdi intentara thepascaperang post-waragak army stalled somewhatterhenti, askarena militaryprioritas prioritiesmiliter diminishedberkurang; many ofbanyak histemannya friendsmengundurkan resigneddiri foruntuk high-payingpekerjaan businessbisnis jobsbergaji tinggi. He wasDia assignedditugaskan to theke [[AmericanKomisi BattleMonumen MonumentsPertempuran CommissionAmerika]] directedyang bydisutradarai Generaloleh Jenderal Pershing, anddan withdengan the help of hisbantuan brothersaudaranya [[Milton Eisenhower]], thenyang asaat journalistitu atmenjadi thejurnalis di [[UnitedDepartemen StatesPertanian DepartmentAmerika ofSerikat|Departemen Agriculture|UPertanian A.S. Agriculture Department]], heia producedmenghasilkan apanduan guideuntuk tomedan Americanperang battlefieldsAmerika indi EuropeEropa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Steven |last=Trout |title=On the Battlefield of Memory: The First World War and American Remembrance, 1919–1941 |year=2010 |pages=xv–xxxii }}</ref> HeDia thenkemudian wasditugaskan assigned to theke [[United States Army War College|Army War College]] anddan graduatedlulus inpada tahun 1928. AfterSetelah apenugasan one-yearsatu assignmenttahun indi FrancePrancis, Eisenhower served asmenjabat executivesebagai officerpejabat toeksekutif GeneralJenderal [[George Van Horn Moseley|George V. Moseley]], [[UnitedAsisten StatesSekretaris AssistantPerang SecretaryAmerika of WarSerikat|AssistantAsisten SecretarySekretaris of WarPerang]], fromdari 1929 tohingga FebruaryFebruari 1933.<ref>{{harvnb|Ambrose|1983|p=82}}</ref> MajorMayor Dwight D. Eisenhower graduatedlulus from thedari [[Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy|Army Industrial College]] (Washington, DC) inpada tahun 1933 anddan laterkemudian servedbertugas ondi the facultyfakultas (itkemudian wasdiperluas latermenjadi expandedArmed to become theForces Industrial Collegedan ofsekarang thedikenal Armed Services and is now known as thesebagai [[Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://armyhistory.org/general-of-the-army-dwight-david-eisenhower/|title=General of the Army Dwight David Eisenhower|access-date=March 16, 2016|publisher=Army Historical Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324093918/https://armyhistory.org/general-of-the-army-dwight-david-eisenhower/|archive-date=March 24, 2016|url-status=live|date=January 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Ike/ike.htm|title=Dwight David Eisenhower, The Cenntennial|access-date=March 16, 2016|year=1990|publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142924/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/ike/ike.htm|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

HisTugas primaryutamanya dutyadalah wasmerencanakan planningperang for the next warberikutnya, which proved most difficultyang interbukti thepaling midstsulit ofdi thetengah-tengah [[GreatDepresi DepressionBesar]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ambrose|1983|p=88}}</ref> HeDia thenkemudian wasditempatkan postedsebagai askepala chiefpembantu militarymiliter aide to GeneralJenderal [[Douglas MacArthur]], [[ChiefKepala ofStaf StaffAngkatan ofDarat theAmerika United States ArmySerikat|ArmyKepala ChiefStaf ofAngkatan StaffDarat]]. InPada tahun 1932, he participated inia theberpartisipasi clearingdalam ofpembersihan theperkemahan [[Bonus Army|Bonus March]] encampment indi Washington, D.C.DC AlthoughMeskipun heia wasmenentang againsttindakan theyang actionsdiambil takenterhadap againstpara theveteran veteransdan andsangat strongly advisedmenyarankan MacArthur againstuntuk takingtidak amengambil publicperan rolepublik indi itdalamnya, heia laterkemudian wrotemenulis theinsiden Army'sresmi officialAngkatan incidentDarat report laporan, endorsingmendukung MacArthur'sperilaku conductMacArthur.<ref name=Wukovits43>{{cite book |title=Eisenhower |last=Wukovits |first=John F. |year=2006 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-230-61394-2 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=om5ZykQFGrwC&pg=PA43 |access-date=June 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528084417/http://books.google.com/books?id=om5ZykQFGrwC&pg=PA43 |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life |last=D'Este |first=Carlo |author-link=Carlo D'Este |year=2002 |publisher=Henry Holt & Co. |location=New York |isbn=0-8050-5687-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/eisenhowersoldie00dest/page/223 223] |url=https://archive.org/details/eisenhowersoldie00dest |url-access=registration |access-date=June 15, 2011 }}</ref>

InPada tahun 1935, heia accompaniedmenemani MacArthur toke [[PhilippinesFilipina|the PhilippinesFilipina]], wheredi hemana servedia asmenjabat assistantsebagai militaryasisten adviserpenasihat tomiliter theuntuk [[CommonwealthPersemakmuran of the PhilippinesFilipina|Philippinepemerintah governmentFilipina]] indalam developingmengembangkan theirtentara armymereka. Eisenhower hadmemiliki strongperbedaan philosophicalpendapat disagreementsfilosofis withyang MacArthurkuat regardingdengan the roleMacArthur ofmengenai theperan [[PhilippineAngkatan ArmyDarat Filipina]] anddan thekualitas leadershipkepemimpinan qualitiesyang thatharus anditunjukkan Americandan armydikembangkan officeroleh shouldseorang exhibitperwira andtentara developAmerika inpada his subordinatesbawahannya. TheAntipati resultingyang antipathydihasilkan betweenantara Eisenhower anddan MacArthur lasted theberlangsung restselama ofsisa theirhidup livesmereka.<ref>Irish, Kerry. "Dwight Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines: There Must Be a Day of Reckoning", ''Journal of Military History'', April 2010, Vol. 74, Issue 2, pp. 439–473.</ref>

HistoriansSejarawan havetelah concludedmenyimpulkan thatbahwa thistugas assignmentini providedmemberikan valuablepersiapan preparationyang forberharga handlinguntuk themenangani challengingkepribadian personalitiesyang ofmenantang [[Winston Churchill]], [[George S. Patton]], [[George Marshall]], anddan [[Bernard Montgomery]] duringselama WorldPerang WarDunia II. Eisenhower laterkemudian emphasizedmenekankan thatbahwa tooterlalu muchbanyak hadyang beendibuat madedari ofketidaksepakatan the disagreements withdengan MacArthur anddan thatbahwa ahubungan positivepositif relationship enduredbertahan.<ref>{{harvnb|Ambrose|1983|p=94}}</ref> WhileSaat inberada di Manila, Mamie sufferedmenderita apenyakit life-threateningperut yang stomachmengancam ailmentjiwanya butnamun recoveredsembuh fullytotal. Eisenhower wasdipromosikan promotedke topangkat theletnan rankkolonel oftetap permanentpada lieutenant colonel intahun 1936. HeIa alsojuga learnedbelajar to flyterbang, makingmelakukan apenerbangan solo flightdi overatas theFilipina Philippinespada intahun 1937, anddan obtainedmemperoleh his privatelisensi pilot's licensepribadinya pada intahun 1939 atdi [[Fort Lewis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/finding_aids/pdf/Eisenhower_Dwight_Pre_Presidential_Papers/Principal_File.pdf |title=Dwight D. Eisenhower Pre-Presidential Papers, 1916–52 |publisher=Eisenhower Presidential Library |access-date=August 16, 2017 |year=1997 |page=74 |quote=references to Eisenhower's pilot's license |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209201349/https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/pdf/Eisenhower_Dwight_Pre_Presidential_Papers/Principal_File.pdf |archive-date=February 9, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Air Progress|date=August 1989|page=62|author=Nick Komons|title=unknown title}}</ref> AlsoJuga aroundsekitar thiswaktu timeini, heia wasditawari offeredjabatan aoleh post by thePemerintah [[PhilippinePersemakmuran CommonwealthFilipina]] Government, namelyyaitu byoleh thenPresiden PhilippineFilipina Presidentsaat itu [[Manuel L. Quezon]] onatas recommendations byrekomendasi MacArthur, tountuk becomemenjadi thekepala chiefpolisi ofdi policeibu ofkota abaru newyang capitalsedang being planneddirencanakan., nowsekarang namedbernama [[QuezonKota CityQuezon]], buttetapi hedia declinedmenolak thetawaran offeritu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Merrit, Jésus V.|title=Our presidents: profiles in history|page=77|year=1962|location=Philippines}}</ref>

Eisenhower returnedkembali toke theAmerika UnitedSerikat Statespada inbulan DecemberDesember 1939 anddan wasditugaskan assigned assebagai [[commanding officerkomandan]] (CO) ofdari theBatalyon 1st Battalion1, [[15thResimen InfantryInfanteri Regimentke-15 (UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat)|15thResimen InfantryInfanteri Regimentke-15]] atdi [[Fort Lewis]], Washington, laterkemudian becomingmenjadi the regimentalresimen [[executivepetugas officereksekutif]]. InPada Marchbulan Maret 1941 heia wasdipromosikan promotedmenjadi tokolonel coloneldan andditugaskan assignedsebagai askepala chief of staff of the newly activatedstaf [[Korps IX Corps (UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat)|Korps IX Corps]] underyang Majorbaru Generaldiaktifkan di bawah Mayor Jenderal [[Kenyon Joyce]]. InPada Junebulan Juni 1941, heia wasdiangkat appointedmenjadi chiefkepala ofstaf staff to GeneralJenderal [[Walter Krueger]], Commander of theKomandan [[United States Army Central|Third Army]], atdi [[Fort Sam Houston]] indi [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]]. After successfullySetelah participatingberhasil inberpartisipasi thedalam [[Louisiana ManeuversManuver]], heia wasdipromosikan promoted tomenjadi [[BrigadierBrigadir generalJenderal (UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat)|brigadierbrigadir generaljenderal]] onpada October3 3,Oktober 1941.<ref>Korda (2007), pp&nbsp;239–243</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwightdeisenhower.com/general.html |title=The Eisenhowers: The General |publisher=Dwightdeisenhower.com |access-date=May 3, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230101757/http://www.dwightdeisenhower.com/general.html |archive-date=December 30, 2010 }}</ref> AlthoughMeskipun hiskemampuan administrativeadministratifnya abilitiestelah had been noticeddiketahui, onmenjelang themasuknya eveAmerika of the American entry intoke [[WorldPerang WarDunia II]] he had never held andia activetidak commandpernah abovememegang akomando battalionaktif anddi wasatas farbatalion fromdan beingjauh considereddari bydianggap manyoleh asbanyak aorang potentialsebagai commandercalon ofkomandan majoroperasi operationsbesar.