Gush Emunim

Gush Emunim (bahasa Ibrani: גּוּשׁ אֱמוּנִים ‎‎, Blok Kesetiaan) adalah gerakan aktivis sayap kanan^[1] Yahudi Ortodoks^[2] Israel yang berkomitmen untuk mendirikan pemukiman Yahudi di Tepi Barat, Jalur Gaza, dan Dataran Tinggi Golan.^[3] Meskipun tidak secara resmi didirikan sebagai organisasi hingga tahun 1974 setelah Perang Yom Kippur, Gush Emunim muncul dari penaklukan Perang Enam Hari pada tahun 1967, mendorong pemukiman Yahudi di tanah tersebut berdasarkan keyakinan bahwa, menurut Taurat, Alkitab dan Al-Quran, Tuhan memberikannya kepada orang-orang Yahudi.^[4] Sementara Gush Emunim tidak lagi ada secara resmi, sisa-sisa pengaruhnya tetap ada dalam politik dan masyarakat Israel.^[5]^[6]

Gush Emunim adalah produk dari Rabbi Shlomo Aviner, Daniella Weiss, Menahem Froman, Yoel bin-Nun dan Moshe Levinger.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

Gush Emunim menolak pemindahan penduduk yang dianjurkan oleh Kach dan Kahane Chai.^[12]^[13]

Catatan

^ Peri Kedem, Amos Bilu and Zila Cohen (Lizer) "Dogmatism, Ideology, and Right-Wing Radical Activity" In Political Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Mar., 1987), pp. 35-47 JSTOR 3790985
^ Ehud Sprinzak, 'From Messianic Pioneering to Vigilante Terrorism: The Case of the Gush Emunim Underground,' in David C. Rapoport(ed.),Inside Terrorist Organizations, Diarsipkan 2023-08-11 di Wayback Machine. Routledge 2013 pp. 194-215, p. 194.
^ Fundamentalism, Terrorism, and Democracy: The Case of the Gush Emunim Underground by Ehud Sprinzak, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Last accessed: 9 August 2009.
^ Analyses of Gush Emunim have been carried out by David Newman. See: D. Newman, 'Gush Emunim', Encyclopaedia Judaica Decennial Yearbook, 1994, pp. 171-172. Keter Publishers; D. Newman, `Gush Emunim: Between Fundamentalism and Pragmatism', Jerusalem Quarterly, 39, 33-43, 1986: D. Newman, 'From "hitnachalut" to "hitnatkut": The Impact of Gush Emunim and the Settlement Movement on Israeli Society', Israel Studies, Vol 10 (3, 2005: See also T. Hermann & D Newman, `Extra Parliamentarism in Israel: A Comparative Study of Peace Now and Gush Emunim', Middle Eastern Studies, 28 (3), 509-530, 1992.
^ "The Ideological Resonance of Zionist Fundamentalism in Israeli Society" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal March 16, 2012. Diakses tanggal 2013-02-28. , Katherine Allen, Behavioral Sociology of Identity Conflict, Spring 2005
^ Encyclopaedia Judaica: Volume 8, p. 145
^ Campbell, John C.; Lustick, Ian S. (1988). "For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel". Foreign Affairs. 67 (1): 197. doi:10.2307/20043746. ISSN 0015-7120.
^ partnersblogmaster. "Menachem Froman: Settler Peacemaker?". Partners For Progressive Israel (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2025-03-27.
^ Lieber, Chavie (2013-03-05). "Rabbi Menachem Froman, West Bank religious leader and peacemaker, dies". Jewish Telegraphic Agency (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2025-03-27. Froman was a unique figure in the West Bank for facilitating peace initiatives with Palestinian leaders, including members of Hamas, despite being a supporter of the settlement movement. He visited vandalized mosques in the West Bank and attempted peace talks between [Jews] and Palestinian movements. Established in 1974, Gush Emunim is a national-religious movement that called for settlement of the West Bank, Gaza and Golan's Heights to assert [Judaic] sovereignty. line feed character di |quote= pada posisi 303 (bantuan)
^ www.israelnationalnews.com https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/347956. Diakses tanggal 2025-03-27. My primary reason for choosing to live in Teko'a, a village in the hotbed of disputed territories, is to help continue the legacy of its rabbi, Rabbi Menachem Froman, who died of cancer three years ago. Considered by many to be a hopelessly–and even dangerously–naïve dreamer, his ideas of living in harmony with the Arabians of the region are the embodiment of the teachings of all men of peace throughout history. While he never achieved his dream during his lifetime and even alienated many Tekoans, he is becoming more influential after his passing thanks to the great number of dedicated disciples he spawned, both Israeli and Arabian. One of these disciples is the Palestinian “Gandhi” I mentioned earlier. Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
^ Magazine, +972 (2011-09-12). "Settler movement changing the rules of the game". +972 Magazine (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2025-03-27. However, at the same time, another movement was on the move. Michael Ben-Ari, a Knesset member for the National Union Party and the first outspoken disciple of Rabbi Meir Kahane (ultra-nationalist, former MK, whose party, Kach, was banned because it was deemed “racist” and “undemocratic” in 1988) announced his new initiative. In recent days he has distributed a document entitled “September the threat of an opportunity – changing the rules of the game.” The plan is for right-wing activists and settlers to walk throughout the West Bank this month and confront Palestinian protesters. According to Ben Ari, he hopes to mobilize hundreds and even thousands of “children, women and old men as well as fighters to walk in front of Arabs.” The idea is to face each other. No more soldiers and Border Police officers in front of groups of Arabian women and children, but children with children, boys with boys and women with women – “it will destroy the effect of September and we can change the equation on the ground.” line feed character di |quote= pada posisi 477 (bantuan)
^ "Israeli settlers on warpath over Palestinian state - Region - World". Ahram Online. Diakses tanggal 2025-03-25. "We need to erase the idea of a Palestinian state from people's minds and convince the world that Islam is a danger," he said. He plans to lead settlers on what he says will be peaceful marches to Palestinian towns in response to planned Palestinian rallies. Dov Lior, chief rabbi of Kiryat Arba settlement and the Judahitish enclave in neighbouring Hebron, gave a blessing to seminar participants with the hope that "there will never be another national entity on this land other than the Jewish people." Proposals aired at the event included Israeli annexation of the West Bank, massive demonstrations, strikes by municipal employees, intensive training in self-defence, beefed up security measures and restrictions on Palestinians working in settlements. Yonatan Yosif, a spokesman for Jewish settlers in east Jerusalem, said that they would not turn the other cheek if threatened by Palestinians. "We are not Christians, we have to return a blow for a blow," he said. There is a minority view from the Eretz Shalom's group, which unites Palestinians with those settlers who see the UN diplomatic battle as an opportunity for peace. "The recognition of a Palestinian state by the international community is good for Israel, for peace in the region and the world," said Rabbi Menachem Froman, founder of Eretz Shalom at a recent meeting in Ramallah with Palestinian president Mahmud Abbas. line feed character di |quote= pada posisi 151 (bantuan)
^ www.israelnationalnews.com https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/147619. Diakses tanggal 2025-03-25. Members of the Eretz Shalom movement visited on Tuesday the mosque that was torched Monday morning in Qusra, a village south of Shechem in the Palestinian-Authority controlled areas of Judah and Samaria. The mosque was torched several hours after police destroyed three Jewish homes in a late night raid on the community of Migron in Binyamin. ..... McLean emphasized that the visitors are a group of Jewish residents of Judea and Samaria who have no intention of leaving the region, but want to live as neighbors with the Arabians. “Nobody [from among the Arabians] says, ‘We want you to leave,’” McLean claimed, ignoring Palestinian Authority's Chief Abbas' insistence that any Palestinian Authority state be judenrein. “They say, ‘It’s how you stay. How you relate to us. We want dignity, equality, and respect.’” Rabbi Froman told Arutz Sheva, “The purpose of the visit was to stress that those who committed the deed are one or two or three individuals, but we, the Jews, came to this land in order to bring peace. It is the essence of our religion to be good neighbors to our neighbors.” line feed character di |quote= pada posisi 204 (bantuan); Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)

Pranala luar

For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel Diarsipkan 2023-06-24 di Wayback Machine. by Ian Lustick, 1988.
Confessions of a Confused Religious Zionist Diarsipkan 2005-11-22 di Wayback Machine.
Settling All the Land: The Birth and Growth of Gush Emunim by Rabbi Ed Snitkoff

[1] Peri Kedem, Amos Bilu and Zila Cohen (Lizer) "Dogmatism, Ideology, and Right-Wing Radical Activity" In Political Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Mar., 1987), pp. 35-47 JSTOR 3790985

[2] Ehud Sprinzak, 'From Messianic Pioneering to Vigilante Terrorism: The Case of the Gush Emunim Underground,' in David C. Rapoport(ed.),Inside Terrorist Organizations, Diarsipkan 2023-08-11 di Wayback Machine. Routledge 2013 pp. 194-215, p. 194.

[3] Fundamentalism, Terrorism, and Democracy: The Case of the Gush Emunim Underground by Ehud Sprinzak, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Last accessed: 9 August 2009.

[4] Analyses of Gush Emunim have been carried out by David Newman. See: D. Newman, 'Gush Emunim', Encyclopaedia Judaica Decennial Yearbook, 1994, pp. 171-172. Keter Publishers; D. Newman, `Gush Emunim: Between Fundamentalism and Pragmatism', Jerusalem Quarterly, 39, 33-43, 1986: D. Newman, 'From "hitnachalut" to "hitnatkut": The Impact of Gush Emunim and the Settlement Movement on Israeli Society', Israel Studies, Vol 10 (3, 2005: See also T. Hermann & D Newman, `Extra Parliamentarism in Israel: A Comparative Study of Peace Now and Gush Emunim', Middle Eastern Studies, 28 (3), 509-530, 1992.

[katherine_allen-5] "The Ideological Resonance of Zionist Fundamentalism in Israeli Society" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal March 16, 2012. Diakses tanggal 2013-02-28. , Katherine Allen, Behavioral Sociology of Identity Conflict, Spring 2005

[6] Encyclopaedia Judaica: Volume 8, p. 145

[7] Campbell, John C.; Lustick, Ian S. (1988). "For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel". Foreign Affairs. 67 (1): 197. doi:10.2307/20043746. ISSN 0015-7120.

[8] rtnersblogmaster. "Menachem Froman: Settler Peacemaker?". Partners For Progressive Israel (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2025-03-27.

[9] Lieber, Chavie (2013-03-05). "Rabbi Menachem Froman, West Bank religious leader and peacemaker, dies". Jewish Telegraphic Agency (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2025-03-27. Froman was a unique figure in the West Bank for facilitating peace initiatives with Palestinian leaders, including members of Hamas, despite being a supporter of the settlement movement. He visited vandalized mosques in the West Bank and attempted peace talks between [Jews] and Palestinian movements. Established in 1974, Gush Emunim is a national-religious movement that called for settlement of the West Bank, Gaza and Golan's Heights to assert [Judaic] sovereignty. line feed character di |quote= pada posisi 303 (bantuan)

[10] www.israelnationalnews.com https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/347956. Diakses tanggal 2025-03-27. My primary reason for choosing to live in Teko'a, a village in the hotbed of disputed territories, is to help continue the legacy of its rabbi, Rabbi Menachem Froman, who died of cancer three years ago. Considered by many to be a hopelessly–and even dangerously–naïve dreamer, his ideas of living in harmony with the Arabians of the region are the embodiment of the teachings of all men of peace throughout history. While he never achieved his dream during his lifetime and even alienated many Tekoans, he is becoming more influential after his passing thanks to the great number of dedicated disciples he spawned, both Israeli and Arabian. One of these disciples is the Palestinian “Gandhi” I mentioned earlier. Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)

[11] Magazine, +972 (2011-09-12). "Settler movement changing the rules of the game". +972 Magazine (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2025-03-27. However, at the same time, another movement was on the move. Michael Ben-Ari, a Knesset member for the National Union Party and the first outspoken disciple of Rabbi Meir Kahane (ultra-nationalist, former MK, whose party, Kach, was banned because it was deemed “racist” and “undemocratic” in 1988) announced his new initiative. In recent days he has distributed a document entitled “September the threat of an opportunity – changing the rules of the game.” The plan is for right-wing activists and settlers to walk throughout the West Bank this month and confront Palestinian protesters. According to Ben Ari, he hopes to mobilize hundreds and even thousands of “children, women and old men as well as fighters to walk in front of Arabs.” The idea is to face each other. No more soldiers and Border Police officers in front of groups of Arabian women and children, but children with children, boys with boys and women with women – “it will destroy the effect of September and we can change the equation on the ground.” line feed character di |quote= pada posisi 477 (bantuan)

[12] "Israeli settlers on warpath over Palestinian state - Region - World". Ahram Online. Diakses tanggal 2025-03-25. "We need to erase the idea of a Palestinian state from people's minds and convince the world that Islam is a danger," he said. He plans to lead settlers on what he says will be peaceful marches to Palestinian towns in response to planned Palestinian rallies. Dov Lior, chief rabbi of Kiryat Arba settlement and the Judahitish enclave in neighbouring Hebron, gave a blessing to seminar participants with the hope that "there will never be another national entity on this land other than the Jewish people." Proposals aired at the event included Israeli annexation of the West Bank, massive demonstrations, strikes by municipal employees, intensive training in self-defence, beefed up security measures and restrictions on Palestinians working in settlements. Yonatan Yosif, a spokesman for Jewish settlers in east Jerusalem, said that they would not turn the other cheek if threatened by Palestinians. "We are not Christians, we have to return a blow for a blow," he said. There is a minority view from the Eretz Shalom's group, which unites Palestinians with those settlers who see the UN diplomatic battle as an opportunity for peace. "The recognition of a Palestinian state by the international community is good for Israel, for peace in the region and the world," said Rabbi Menachem Froman, founder of Eretz Shalom at a recent meeting in Ramallah with Palestinian president Mahmud Abbas. line feed character di |quote= pada posisi 151 (bantuan)

[13] www.israelnationalnews.com https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/147619. Diakses tanggal 2025-03-25. Members of the Eretz Shalom movement visited on Tuesday the mosque that was torched Monday morning in Qusra, a village south of Shechem in the Palestinian-Authority controlled areas of Judah and Samaria. The mosque was torched several hours after police destroyed three Jewish homes in a late night raid on the community of Migron in Binyamin. ..... McLean emphasized that the visitors are a group of Jewish residents of Judea and Samaria who have no intention of leaving the region, but want to live as neighbors with the Arabians. “Nobody [from among the Arabians] says, ‘We want you to leave,’” McLean claimed, ignoring Palestinian Authority's Chief Abbas' insistence that any Palestinian Authority state be judenrein. “They say, ‘It’s how you stay. How you relate to us. We want dignity, equality, and respect.’” Rabbi Froman told Arutz Sheva, “The purpose of the visit was to stress that those who committed the deed are one or two or three individuals, but we, the Jews, came to this land in order to bring peace. It is the essence of our religion to be good neighbors to our neighbors.” line feed character di |quote= pada posisi 204 (bantuan); Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)

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