Debat mengenai pengeboman Hiroshima dan Nagasaki

Debat mengenai pengeboman Hiroshima dan Nagasaki terkait dengan kontroversi etika, legal dan militer pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Serikat pada tanggal 6 Agustus dan 9 Agustus 1945 demi mengakhiri Perang Dunia Kedua (1939–45). Di satu sisi dianggap sudah tepat karena terbukti membuat Jepang menyerah, tetapi di sisi yang lain dianggap tidak tepat karena banyaknya korban sipil yang berjatuhan berjatuhan tapi bom ini sangat efektif untuk membuat Jepang menyerah dan menghindari perang total diatas tanah Jepang dalam Operation Downfall. Sebelum Amerika menjatuhkan duo bom atom tersebut ke Hiroshima dan Nagasaki, para jendral, ahli militer dan petinggi-petinggi lainnya di kubu Amerika sudah menyusun strategi dan menghitung untuk menguasai Jepang secara skala penuh melalui sebuah serbuan besar-besaran keatas daratan Jepang.

Awan jamur Fat Man muncul dari peledakan nuklir pada saat serangan di Nagasaki

Dari hitung-hitungan yang berdasarkan jumlah kekuatan, luas wilayah, step-step wilayah yang harus dilalui, metodenya, serta sospolbud dari penduduk Jepang, Amerika memperkirakan jumlah korban dari kedua sisi akan sangat besar, Amerika sendiri memperkirakan ratusan ribu pasukannya akan menjadi korban, sementara di Jepang sendiri, jutaan manusia baik dari militer, pemerintahan, sampai sipil akan menjadi korban kalau dilihat dari militansi masyarakatnya, singkat kata Amerika menggunakan bom Atom untuk memberi peringatan terakhir sebelum perang skala penuh diluncurkan.

Referensi

Catatan

Daftar pustaka

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Bacaan tambahan

• Allen, Thomas B. and Polmar, Norman (1995). Code-Name Downfall: The Secret Plan to Invade Japan And Why Truman Dropped the Bomb. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80406-9. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)

Concludes the bombings were justified.

• Alperovitz, Gar (1995). The Decision To Use The Atomic Bomb And The Architecture Of An American Myth. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-44331-2. 

Weighs whether the bombings were justified or necessary, concludes they were not.

• Bernstein, Barton J. (Editor) (1976). The Atomic Bomb: The Critical Issues. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-09192-8. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (link)

Weighs whether the bombings were justified or necessary.

• Bird, Kai and Sherwin, Martin J. (2005). American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41202-6. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)

"The thing had to be done", but "Circumstances are heavy with misgiving."

• Butow, Robert (1954). Japan's Decision to Surrender. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0460-0. 

Explains the conflicts and debates within the Japanese government from the onset of World War II until surrender. Concludes the bombings were justified.

• Feis, Herbert (1961). Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific. Princeton University Press. 

Concludes that the bombs were not only necessary, but legally and morally acceptable (1966 reprint).

• Frank, Richard B. (1999). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. Random House. ISBN 0-679-41424-X. 

Major work, concludes that the bombs were morally reprehensible, but influential on the surrender and understandable given the circumstances.

• Fussell, Paul (1988). Thank God For The Atom Bomb, And Other Essays. Summit Books. ISBN 0-345-36135-0. 

Exceedingly Orthodox article, defends the bomb but not a serious academic work.

• Grayling, A. C. (2006). Among the Dead Cities. Walker Publishing Company Inc. ISBN 0-8027-1471-4. 

Philosophical/moral discussion concerning the Allied strategy of area bombing in World War II, including the use of atomic weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

• Ham, Paul (2011). Hiroshima Nagasaki. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7322-8845-7. 

Concludes that the atomic bombings were unnecessary. Challenges the view that that the atomic bombings were necessary to end the Pacific War and save lives.

• Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (2005). Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan. Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-01693-9. 

Argues the bombs were not the deciding factor in ending the war. The Russian entrance into the Pacific war was the primary cause for Japan's surrender.

• Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (17 August 2007). "The Atomic Bombs and the Soviet Invasion: What Drove Japan's Decision to Surrender?". Japan Focus. Diakses tanggal 17 June 2012. 

Here he sharpens his earlier view that the Russian entrance into the Pacific war was the primary cause for Japan's surrender.

• Maddox, Robert James (1995). Weapons for Victory: The Hiroshima Decision. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1562-9. 

Author is a diplomatic historian who favors Truman's decision to drop the atomic bombs.

• Newman, Robert P. (1995). Truman and the Hiroshima Cult. Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0-87013-403-5. 

An analysis critical of postwar opposition to the atom bombings.

• Nobile, Philip (Editor) (1995). Judgement at the Smithsonian. Marlowe and Company. ISBN 1-56924-841-9. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (link)

Covers the controversy over the content of the 1995 Smithsonian Institution exhibition associated with the display of the Enola Gay; includes complete text of the planned (and canceled) exhibition.

• Takaki, Ronald (1995). Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-83124-7. 

Pranala luar

• Hiroshima: Was It Necessary?
• Reflections of a Far East Prisoner of War on the use of the atomic bombs
• Annotated bibliography on the decision to use the atomic bombs on Japan Diarsipkan 2008-07-03 di Wayback Machine.—The Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
• Unconditional Surrender, Demobilization, and the Atomic Bomb Diarsipkan 2011-10-16 di Wayback Machine. by Michael D. Pearlman U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027-1352
• "The Obliteration of Hiroshima" Diarsipkan 2001-03-04 di Archive.is, Stephen R. Shalom (from New Politics, vol. 6, no. 1 (new series), whole no. 21, Summer 1996)
• Hiroshima: the 'White Man's Bomb' revisited: Dropping the Bomb on Japan was the final act of a bitter race war in the Pacific. Diarsipkan 2007-11-15 di Wayback Machine. by Mick Hume, Spiked, 2 August 2005. Abridged version of a 1995 article in Living Marxism.
• Yuki Tanaka and Richard Falk, "The Atomic Bombing, The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal and the Shimoda Case: Lessons for Anti-Nuclear Legal Movements", The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 44-3-09, 2 November 2009.
• Record of private talk between Winston Churchill and Generalissimo Stalin after the Plenary Session on 17 July 1945 at Potsdam
• The Enola Gay Controversy - About - Overview
• International Peoples' Tribunal on the Dropping of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Diarsipkan 2011-07-16 di Wayback Machine.
• Dietrich, Bill (1995). "Pro and Con on Dropping the Bomb". Seattle Times. 
• MacLaren, Don (1998). "Troubling memories of the past", "Better to bomb than blockade". The Japan Times.