Perbudakan utang

Perbudakan utang atau buruh utang, adalah orang yang diberi pekerjaan buruh atau jasa sebagai ganti pembayaran terhadap utang atau obligasi lainnya.^[1] Jasa-jasa yang dipersyaratkan untuk ganti pembayaran utang tak terdefinisi, dan durasi jasa-jasanya tak terdefinisi.^[2] Perbudakan utang dapat diturunkan dari generasi ke generasi.^[2]

Saat ini, perbudakan utang adalah metode paling umum dari perbudakan dengan sekitar 8.1 juta orang dipekerjakan menjadi buruh secara ilegal seperti yang dikutip oleh Organisasi Buruh Internasional pada 2005.^[3] Perbudakan utang telah disebut oleh PBB sebagai bentuk dari "perbudakan masa kini" dan Konvensi Suplementer tentang Peniadaan Perbudakan mendorong peniadaan praktik tersebut.^[2]^[4]^[5] Meskipun kebanyakan negara di Asia Selatan dan Afrika Sub-Sahara berpihak pada Konvensi tersebut, praktik tersebut masih banyak dilakukan di kawasan-kawasan tersebut. Diprediksi, 84 sampai 88% buruh utang di dunia berada di Asia Selatan.^[4]^[6] Kurangnya penindakan atau penghukuman terhadap kejahatan tersebut menjadi sebab utama dari praktik tersebut masih ada pada skala ini pada masa sekarang.^[6]^[7]

Referensi sunting

^ Jordan, Ann (February 2011). "SLAVERY, FORCED LABOR, DEBT BONDAGE, AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING: FROM CONCEPTIONAL CONFUSION TO TARGETED SOLUTIONS" (PDF). Program on Human Trafficking and Forced Labor. Washington College of Law: Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law.
^ ^a ^b ^c Article 1(a) of the United Nations' 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery defines debt bondage as "the status or condition arising from a pledge by a debtor of his personal services or of those of a person under his control as security for a debt, if the value of those services as reasonably assessed is not applied towards the liquidation of the debt or the length and nature of those services are not respectively limited and defined".
^ "Global Report on Forced Labour In Asia: debt bondage, trafficking and state-imposed forced labour". Promoting Jobs, Protecting People. International Labour Organization. 2005.
^ ^a ^b Kevin Bales (2004). New slavery: a reference handbook. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 15–18. ISBN 978-1-85109-815-6. Diakses tanggal 11 March 2011.
^ The Bondage of Debt: A Photo Essay Diarsipkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine., by Shilpi Gupta
^ ^a ^b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama :7
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama :13

Giri, B.R. (2012) ‘The Bonded Labour System in Nepal: Musahar and Tharu Communities’ Assessments of the Haliya and Kamaiya Labour Contracts,’ Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 4(2): 518-551.
Giri, B.R. (2010) ‘The Bonded Labour Practice in Nepal: “The Promise of Education” as a Magnet of Child Bondedness?’ South Asia Research, 30(2): 145-64
Giri, B.R. (2010) The Haliya and Kamaiya Bonded Child Labourers in Nepal, in G. Craig (ed.), Child Slavery Now Diarsipkan 2012-10-11 di Wayback Machine., pp.227-241, Bristol (UK): Policy Press.
Giri, B.R. (2009) ‘The Bonded Labour System in Nepal: Perspectives of Haliya and Kamaiya Child Workers,’ Journal of Asian and African Studies, 44(6): 599-623.
Giri, B.R. (2007) ‘Modern Slavery,’ in: R. Ennals (ed.) From Slavery to Citizenship, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 257–261.

Laporan Organisasional

The Cost of Coercion ILO 2009
International Labour Office. (2005). A global alliance against forced labour
ILO Minimum Estimate of Forced Labour in the World. (2005)
Forced Labour: Definition, Indicators and Measurement 2004 - ILO
Stopping Forced Labour 2001- ILO
Operational Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009 ILO/SAP-FL
Lists of Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009 ILO/SAP-FL
Edward H. Lawson; Mary Lou Bertucci (1 September 1996). Encyclopedia of human rights. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 345–346. ISBN 978-1-56032-362-4. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2011.

Pranala luar sunting

Official website of Anti-Slavery International
Profile on forced labor, modern slavery and human trafficking from the International Labour Organization, with links to statistical data and other information

Alat hukum internasional sunting

[:1-1] Jordan, Ann (February 2011). "SLAVERY, FORCED LABOR, DEBT BONDAGE, AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING: FROM CONCEPTIONAL CONFUSION TO TARGETED SOLUTIONS" (PDF). Program on Human Trafficking and Forced Labor. Washington College of Law: Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law.

[:0-2] Article 1(a) of the United Nations' 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery defines debt bondage as "the status or condition arising from a pledge by a debtor of his personal services or of those of a person under his control as security for a debt, if the value of those services as reasonably assessed is not applied towards the liquidation of the debt or the length and nature of those services are not respectively limited and defined".

[3] "Global Report on Forced Labour In Asia: debt bondage, trafficking and state-imposed forced labour". Promoting Jobs, Protecting People. International Labour Organization. 2005.

[Bales2004-4] Kevin Bales (2004). New slavery: a reference handbook. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 15–18. ISBN 978-1-85109-815-6. Diakses tanggal 11 March 2011.

[Gupta-5] The Bondage of Debt: A Photo Essay Diarsipkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine., by Shilpi Gupta

[:7-6] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama :7

[:13-7] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama :13

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]