Śatakatraya

Śatakatraya (Sanskerta: शतकत्रय, har. 'Tiga Sataka'), (juga dikenal sebagai subhāṣita triśati, Sanskerta: सुभाषित त्रिशति:, har. 'Tiga Ratus Puisi Nilai Moral') mengacu pada tiga koleksi puisi berbahasa Sanskerta India, masing-masing berisi seratus ayat. Tiga śataka dikenal sebagai Nītiśataka, Śṛṅgāraśataka, dan Vairāgyaśataka, dan dikaitkan dengan Bhartṛhari.^[1]

Tiga Sataka sunting

Cendekiawan India K. M. Joglekar dalam karya terjemahannya 'Bhartrihari: Niti and Vairagya Shatakas' mengatakan bahwa, "Shataka disusun ketika Bhartrihari telah meninggalkan dunia. Sulit untuk mengurutkan waktu penulisan mereka, dari pokok bahasan masing-masing, sepertinya Shringashatak ditulis terlebih dahulu, kemudian diikuti Niti dan terakhir Vairagyashataka".^[2]

Nītiśataka berkaitan dengan nīti, yang secara kasar berarti etika dan moralitas. Śṛṅgāraśataka berkaitan dengan cinta dan wanita. Vairāgyaśataka berisi syair-syair tentang renunciasi (pelepasan diri). Cendekiawan Sansekerta Barbara Stoler Miller menerjemahkan bagian-bagian ini masing-masing sebagai Diantara Orang Bodoh dan Raja, Pertemuan Penuh Gairah dan Perlindungan di Hutan.

Khususnya dalam Vairāgyaśataka, tetapi juga dalam dua puisi lainnya, puisinya menampilkan kedalaman dan intensitas renunciasinya saat dia terombang-ambing antara pengejaran keinginan tubuh dan keinginan roh. Dengan demikian ia mengungkapkan konflik yang dialami "antara ketertarikan yang mendalam pada keindahan sensual dan kerinduan untuk pembebasan darinya", menunjukkan bagaimana "seni India yang hebat bisa sekaligus begitu sensual dan spiritual".^[3]

Ada banyak variasi antara versi Śataka-nya, dan bersama-sama manuskrip yang tersedia memiliki lebih dari 700 ayat, bukan 300. D. D. Kosambi mengidentifikasi sekitar 200 ayat yang muncul di semua manuskrip.^[4] Terlepas dari variasi konten, ada kesamaan tema yang luar biasa; Kosambi percaya bahwa setiap śataka datang untuk menarik jenis bait tertentu yang mirip dengan yang ada di koleksi aslinya. Selain itu, setidaknya di antara 200 bait "umum", ada suara ironi, skeptisisme, dan ketidakpuasan yang khas, membuat atribusi ke penulis tunggal masuk akal.^[3]

Edisi sunting

Tanpa terjemahan sunting

Kashinath Trimbak Telang (1874), The Nîtiśataka and Vairâgyaśataka of Bhartṛhari: with extracts from two Sanskṛit commentaries, Bombay Sanskrit series, No. 11 . Includes detailed notes in English.
Kr̥ṣṇa Śāstrī Mahabala (1888), Satakatrayam, Nirnaya Sagara Press . With Sanskrit commentary by the author.
Bhartr̥hari; Kavalesara Sinha (1888), Çataka-traya, Victoria Press . With Sanskrit commentary by the author.
D. D. Kosambi, 1945 The Satakatrayam of Bhartrhari with the Comm. of Ramarsi, edited in collaboration with Pt. K. V. Krishnamoorthi Sharma (Anandasrama Sanskrit Series, No.127, Poona)
D. D. Kosambi, 1946 The Southern Archetype of Epigrams Ascribed to Bhartrhari (Bharatiya Vidya Series 9, Bombay) (First critical edition of a Bhartrhari recension.)
D. D. Kosambi, 1948 The Epigrams Attributed to Bhartrhari (Singhi Jain Series 23, Bombay) (Comprehensive edition of the poet's work remarkable for rigorous standards of text criticism.) Review by Emeneau. Digitized by the Digital Library of India
D. D. Kosambi, 1959 Bhartrihari's Satakatrayam With the Oldest Commentary of Jain Scholar Dhanasāragaṇi With Principal Variants from Many Manuscripts etc. (Bombay, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan). Digitized by the Digital Library of India

Sanskerta dan terjemahan sunting

Peter von Bohlen (1833), Bhartriharis sententiae et carmen quod Chauri nomine circumfertur eroticum, Berlin . Sanskrit text with introduction, translation and notes in Latin. All three śatakas, also includes Bilhana's Chaura-panchashika.
Purohita Gopīnātha (1896), The Nîtiśataka Śringâraśataka and Vairâgyaśataka, Bombay . Hindi and English translation.
Moreshvar Ramchandra Kāle; M. B. Gurjar (1898), The Nîtiśataka and Vairâgyaśataka Translation and notes.
K. M. Joglekar; Bhaskar Rajaram Joshi (1900), Niti and Vairagya Shatakas with notes, translation, a critical introduction
Moreshvar Ramchandra Kāle (1902), The Nîtiśataka and Vairâgyaśataka . Reprinted as Nīti and Vairāgya Śatakas of Bhartṛhari, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0642-5. Brief commentary in Sanskrit, translation and notes in English.
Barbara Stoler Miller (1967), Bhartrihari: Poems, Columbia University Press (UNESCO collection of representative works), ISBN 978-0-231-02999-5 . Sanskrit text with facing free-verse translation.
Greg Bailey and Richard F. Gombrich, 2005, Love Lyrics by Amaru [and] Bhartṛhari, translated by Greg Bailey & by Bilhaṇa edited and translated by Richard Gombrich (New York: NYU). See: Open Library ISBN 0-8147-9938-8. Sanskrit text with facing free-verse translation.

Terjemahan saja sunting

Peter von Bohlen (1835), Die Sprüche des Bhartriharis, August Campe [1]. German verse translation of all three śatakas, based on Bohlen's edition.
Paul Regnaud (1875), Les stances érotiques, morales et religieuses de Bhartrihari, E. Leroux, Les classiques de l'Inde ancienne . French prose translation of all three śatakas.
Charles Henry Tawney (1877), Two centuries of Bhartrihari, Thacker, Spink and Co. [2],[3]. Rhyming translation of the Nīti and Vairāgya Śatakas.
J M Kennedy, The Satakas; or, Wise sayings of Bhartrihari. London, 1913. Prose translation of all three śatakas.
Biscoe Hale Wortham (1886), The Śatakas of Bhartr̥ihari, Trübner [4]. London: Trübner, 1886, reprint Routledge 2000, ISBN 0-415-24510-9. Prose translation of the Nīti and Vairāgya Śatakas.
Paul Elmer More (1898), A century of Indian epigrams: chiefly from the Sanskrit of Bhartrihari, Houghton Mifflin [5]. Rhyming translation of 100 verses, mostly from Bhartṛhari.
Arthur William Ryder (1910), Women's Eyes, A.M. Robertson . Rhyming translation of 85 verses from Bhartṛhari, plus 15 from other sources.
The Vairagya-Satakam Or The Hundred Verses On Renunciation. Advaita Ashrama. 1916.
Sri Aurobindo (1924), The Century of Life . Republished 1998 by the Sri Aurobindo Society, ISBN 978-81-7060-120-3. Available online in Volume 5 (Translations) of his complete works. Verse translation of the Nīti Śataka.
A N D Haksar (2017), Three Hundred Verses: Musings on Life, Love and Renunciation, Penguin ISBN 978-0670090068

Referensi sunting

^ Bhartrihari's Satakatrayam by D D Kosambi, ISBN 81-215-1034-1, in 2001
^ Bhartrihari: Niti and Vairagya Shatakas. Oriental Publishing Company. 1911. hlm. 28. The Shatakas were composed when Bhartrihari had renounced the world. It is not easy to say in what order they were written, from the subject matter of each of them, it is likely that Shringarashatak was written first, then followed the Niti and lastly the Vairagyashataka.
^ ^a ^b Miller, Foreword and Introduction
^ Vidyākara (1968), Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, ed., Sanskrit poetry, from Vidyākara's Treasury, Harvard University Press, hlm. 39, ISBN 978-0-674-78865-7

[1] Bhartrihari's Satakatrayam by D D Kosambi, ISBN 81-215-1034-1, in 2001

[2] Bhartrihari: Niti and Vairagya Shatakas. Oriental Publishing Company. 1911. hlm. 28. The Shatakas were composed when Bhartrihari had renounced the world. It is not easy to say in what order they were written, from the subject matter of each of them, it is likely that Shringarashatak was written first, then followed the Niti and lastly the Vairagyashataka.

[miller-3] Miller, Foreword and Introduction

[Ingalls-4] Vidyākara (1968), Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, ed., Sanskrit poetry, from Vidyākara's Treasury, Harvard University Press, hlm. 39, ISBN 978-0-674-78865-7

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