Witenagemot
Witenaġemot (bahasa Inggris Kuno: witena ġemōt, Pengucapan Inggris lama: [ˈwitena jeˈmoːt], Inggris modern /ˈwɪtənəɡəˈmoʊt/ "meeting of wise men"), juga dikenal sebagai Witan (sebenarnya lebih kepada gelar para anggotanya) adalah sebuah lembaga politik di Inggris Angli-Sachsen yang beroperasi dari sebelum abad ke-7 sampai abad ke-11. Witenagemot adalah sebuah majelis yang fungsi utamanya adalah untuk menasehati raja dan seluruh anggotanya terdiri dari para bangsawan paling penting di Inggris, baik gerejawi maupun sekuler.
Referensi sunting
- Chadwick, H. M., Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions (Cambridge, 1905).
- Garmonsway, G. N. (ed. & trans.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 2nd edition (London, 1954; repr. 1965).
- Gomme, George L., Primitive Folkmoots; or, Open-Air Assemblies in Britain (London, 1880).
- Hindley, Geoffrey (2006). A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons. London: Robinson.
- Hodgkin, Thomas, The History of England from the Earliest Times to the Norman Conquest (New York, 1906; repr. New York 1969)
- Hollister, C. Warren. The Making of England, 55 B.C. to 1399 (7th ed. 1995) ch 3
- Lapidge, Michael; et al., ed. (2001). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell.
- Liebermann, Felix, The National Assembly in the Anglo-Saxon Period (Halle, 1913; repr. New York, 1961).
- Maddicott, J. R., (2010) The Origins of the English Parliament, Oxford University Press
- Thorpe, Benjamin (2012) [1840]. Ancient Laws and Institutes of England: Comprising Laws Enacted Under the Anglo-Saxon Kings from Æthelbirht to Cnut, with an English Translation of the Saxon; the Laws Called Edward the Confessor's; the Laws of William the Conqueror, and Those Ascribed to Henry the First. hlm. 317.
- Whitelock, Dorothy, Review of The Witenagemot in the Reign of Edward the Confessor by Tryggvi J. Oleson, The English Historical Review 71 (1956): 640-42.
- Wormald, Patrick (1999). The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-13496-4.
Bacaan tambahan sunting
- Roach, Levi (2013). Kingship and Consent in Anglo-Saxon England, 871-978: Assemblies and the State in the Early Middle Ages. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107036536.