Rumah kerja
Di Inggris dan Wales, rumah kerja (Inggris: workhouse, juga dikenal dengan sebutan spike) adalah sebuah tempat di mana orang-orang yang tak mampu menghidupi diri mereka sendiri diberi akomodasi dan pekerjaan. Penggunaan terawal yang diketahui dari istilah tersebut bermula dari tahun 1631, dalam sebuah catatan dari wali kota Abingdon mengabarkan bahwa "kami telah mendirikan sebuah rumah kerja di borough kami untuk memberikan pekerjaan kepada kaum miskin".[a][1]
Asal muasal rumah kerja bermula pada Poor Law Act of 1388, yang berupaya untuk menanggapi penipisan buruh setelah Wabah Hitam di Inggris dengan membatasi gerakan buruh, dan membuat negara tersebut menjadi harus bertanggung jawab terhadap dukungan kepada kaum muskim. Namun, pengangguran massal terjadi setelah Perang Napoleon pada 1815 akibat pengenalan teknologi baru menggantikan sebagian para buruh tani, dan serangkaian panen buruh
Referensi sunting
Catatan
- ^ Asli: "wee haue erected wthn our borough a workehouse to sett poore people to worke"
Kutipan
- ^ Higginbotham, Peter. "Introduction". workhouse.org.uk. Diakses tanggal 9 April 2010.
<ref> dengan nama "Deer1985" yang didefinisikan di <references> tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.Daftar pustaka
- Anon (1836), Reports from Commissioners, Fifteen Volumes, (8. Part I), Poor Laws (England), Session 4 February – 20 August 1836, 29, part 1, HMSO
- Crowther, A. C. (1981), The Workhouse System 1834–1929: The History of an English Social Institution, Batsford Academic and Educational, ISBN 0-7134-3671-9
- Driver, Felix (2004), Power and Pauperism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-60747-7
- Fowler, Simon (2007), Workhouse: The People: The Places: The Life Behind Closed Doors, The National Archives, ISBN 978-1-905615-28-5
- Fraser, Derek (2009), The Evolution of the British Welfare State (edisi ke-4), Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-230-22466-7
- Gibson, Colin (1993), Dissolving Wedlock, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-03226-1
- Green, David R. (2010), Pauper Capital: London and the Poor Law, 1790–1870, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 0-7546-3008-0
- Higginbotham, Peter (2006), Workhouses of the North, Tempus, ISBN 0-7524-4001-2
- Higginbotham, Peter (2012), The Workhouse Encyclopedia (eBook), The History Press, ISBN 978-0-7524-7719-0
- Higgs, Michelle (2007), Life in the Victorian & Edwardian Workhouse, Tempus Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7524-4214-3
- Honeyman, Katrina (2007), Child Workers in England, 1780–1820, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7546-6272-3
- Hopkins, Eric (1994), Childhood Transformed, Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-3867-7
- Jones, Catherine (1980) [1977], Immigration and Social Policy in Britain, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-422-74680-9
- Knott, John (1986), Popular opposition to the 1834 Poor Law, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-7099-1532-4
- Levinson, David, ed. (2004), "An Act for the Amendment and better Administration of the Laws relating to the Poor in England and Wales (14th August 1834)", Encyclopedia of Homelessness, 2, Sage, hlm. 663–92, ISBN 978-0-7619-2751-8
- Longmate, Norman (2003), The Workhouse, Pimlico, ISBN 978-0-7126-0637-0
- May, Trevor (1987), An Economic and Social History of Britain 1760–1970, Longman Group, ISBN 0-582-35281-9
- May, Trevor (2011), The Victorian Workhouse, Shire Publications, ISBN 978-0-7478-0355-3
- Means, Robin; Smith, Randall (1985), The Development of Welfare Services for Elderly People, Routledge, ISBN 0-7099-3531-5
- Nicholls, Sir George (1854), A History of the English Poor Law, II, John Murray
- Nixon, Cheryl L. (2011), The Orphan in Eighteenth-Century Law and Literature, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 0-7546-6424-4
- Poynter, J. R. (1969), Society and Pauperism, Routledge and Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0-8020-1611-9
- Redford, Arthur (1976), Labour Migration in England, 1800–1850 (edisi ke-3rd), Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-0636-4
Bacaan tambahan sunting
- Crompton, Frank (1997). Workhouse Children: Infant and Child Paupers Under the Worcestershire Poor Law, 1780–1871. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-1429-1.
- Downing, J. (1725). An Account of Several Work-houses for Employing and Maintaining the Poor. Joseph Downing.
- Higginbotham, Peter (2007). Workhouses of the Midlands. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4488-8.
- Higginbotham, Peter (2008). The Workhouse Cookbook. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4730-8.
- Rogers, Joseph (1889). Reminiscences of a Workhouse Medical Officer. T. F. Unwin.
- Nightingale, Florence (1867). Workhouse nursing. Macmillan and Co.
- Twining, Louisa (1858). Workhouses and women's work. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts.
Pranala luar sunting
- Victorian Workhouses
- The Workhouse Website An extensive history of the workhouse
- Workhouse records on The National Archives' website.
- The Rise and Fall of the Workhouse