Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (27 (atau 25) Februari 1861[1] – 30 Maret 1925) adalah seorang filsuf, reformator sosial, arsitek, esoterisis,[8][9] dan orang yang diklaim sebagai penglihat asal Austria.[10][11] Steiner meraih pengakuan awal pada akhir abad kesembilan belas sebagai kritikus sastra dan menerbitkan karya-karya filsafat yang meliputi Filsafat Kebebasan. Pada permulaan abad kedua puluh, ia membentuk sebuah gerakan spiritual esoterik, antroposofi, yang berakar dalam filsafat idealis Jerman dan teosofi; pengaruh lainnya meliputi ilmu Goethean dan Rosikrusianisme.[12]

Rudolf Steiner
Rudolf Steiner pada sekitar tahun 1905
LahirRudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner
(1861-02-27)27 Februari 1861[1]
Murakirály, Kerajaan Hungaria, Kekaisaran Austria (kini Donji Kraljevec, Kroasia)
Meninggal30 Maret 1925(1925-03-30) (umur 64)
Dornach, Swiss
PendidikanInstitut Teknologi Wina
Universitas Rostock (PhD, 1891)
Suami/istri
EraFilsafat abad ke-20
KawasanFilsafat Barat
AliranMonisme
Holisme dalam sains
Ilmu Goethean
Antroposofi
Pembimbing akademikKarl Julius Schröer[2]
Minat utama
Metafisika, epistemologi, filsafat sains, esoterisisme, Kekristenan
Gagasan penting
Antroposofi, kedokteran antroposofi, pertanian biodinamika, euritmi, tiga lipatan sosial, ilmu spiritual, pendidikan Waldorf, holisme dalam sains

Referensi sunting

  1. ^ a b Steiner's autobiography gives his date of birth as 27 February 1861. However, there is an undated autobiographical fragment written by Steiner, referred to in a footnote in his autobiography in German (GA 28), that says, "My birth fell on 25 February 1861. Two days later I was baptized." See Christoph Lindenberg, Rudolf Steiner, Rowohlt 1992, ISBN 3-499-50500-2, p. 8. In 2009 new documentation appeared supporting a date of 27 February : see Günter Aschoff, "Rudolf Steiners Geburtstag am 27. Februar 1861 – Neue Dokumente" Diarsipkan 28 June 2014 di Wayback Machine., Das Goetheanum 2009/9, pp. 3ff
  2. ^ Peter Selg (2014), Rudolf Steiner, Life and Work: Volume 1 (1861-1890): Childhood, Youth, and Study Years, SteinerBooks. ISBN 978-1-62148-084-6. Chapter 2
  3. ^ Carlson, Maria (2015). No Religion Higher Than Truth: A History of the Theosophical Movement in Russia, 1875–1922. hlm. 33. ISBN 978-0-69160781-8. 
  4. ^ Helmut Zander, Anthroposophie in Deutschland, Göttingen, 2007, ISBN 3-525-55452-4.
  5. ^ Preparata, Guido Giacomo (Fall 2006), "Perishable Money in a Threefold Commonwealth: Rudolf Steiner and the Social Economics of an Anarchist Utopia", Review of Radical Economics, 38 (4): 619–48, doi:10.1177/0486613406293226  .
  6. ^ Paddock & Spiegler 2005
  7. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Tarkovsky
  8. ^ Some of the literature regarding Steiner's work in these various fields: Goulet, P: "Les Temps Modernes?", L'Architecture D'Aujourd'hui, December 1982, pp. 8–17; Architect Rudolf Steiner Diarsipkan 24 September 2015 di Wayback Machine. at GreatBuildings.com; Rudolf Steiner International Architecture Database; Brennan, M.: Rudolf Steiner ArtNet Magazine, 18 March 1998; Blunt, R.: Waldorf Education: Theory and Practice – A Background to the Educational Thought of Rudolf Steiner. Master Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 1995; Ogletree, E.J.: Rudolf Steiner: Unknown Educator, Elementary School Journal, 74(6): 344–352, March 1974; Nilsen, A.:A Comparison of Waldorf & Montessori Education Diarsipkan 10 October 2013 di Wayback Machine., University of Michigan; Rinder, L: Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings: An Aesthetic Perspective Diarsipkan 29 November 2005 di Wayback Machine. and exhibition of Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings Diarsipkan 2 February 2007 di Wayback Machine., at Berkeley Art Museum, 11 October 1997 – 4 January 1998; Aurélie Choné, "Rudolf Steiner's Mystery Plays: Literary Transcripts of an Esoteric Gnosis and/or Esoteric Attempt at Reconciliation between Art and Science?", Aries, Volume 6, Number 1, 2006, pp. 27–58(32), Brill publishing; Christopher Schaefer, "Rudolf Steiner as a Social Thinker", Re-vision Vol 15, 1992; and Antoine Faivre, Jacob Needleman, Karen Voss; Modern Esoteric Spirituality, Crossroad Publishing, 1992.
  9. ^ "Who was Rudolf Steiner and what were his revolutionary teaching ideas?" Richard Garner, Education Editor, The Independent
  10. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama CorrDoc
  11. ^ Ruse, Michael (12 November 2018). The Problem of War: Darwinism, Christianity, and Their Battle to Understand Human Conflict. Oxford University Press. hlm. 97. ISBN 978-0-19-086757-7. 
  12. ^ Paull, John (2018). "The Library of Rudolf Steiner: The Books in English". Journal of Social and Development Sciences. 9 (3): 21–46. doi:10.22610/jsds.v9i3.2475 . 

Bacaan tambahan sunting

  • Almon, Joan (ed.) Meeting Rudolf Steiner, firsthand experiences compiled from the Journal for Anthroposophy since 1960, ISBN 0-9674562-8-2
  • Anderson, Adrian: Rudolf Steiner Handbook, Port Campbell Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-9581341-2-5
  • Childs, Gilbert, Rudolf Steiner: His Life and Work, ISBN 0-88010-391-4
  • Davy, Adams and Merry, A Man before Others: Rudolf Steiner Remembered. Rudolf Steiner Press, 1993.
  • Easton, Stewart, Rudolf Steiner: Herald of a New Epoch, ISBN 0-910142-93-9
  • Hemleben, Johannes and Twyman, Leo, Rudolf Steiner: An Illustrated Biography. Rudolf Steiner Press, 2001.
  • Kries, Mateo and Vegesack, Alexander von, Rudolf Steiner: Alchemy of the Everyday, Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum, 2010. ISBN 3-931936-86-4
  • Lachman, Gary, Rudolf Steiner: An Introduction to His Life and Work, 2007, ISBN 1-58542-543-5
  • Lindenberg, Christoph, Rudolf Steiner: Eine Biographie (2 vols.). Stuttgart, 1997, ISBN 3-7725-1551-7
  • Lissau, Rudi, Rudolf Steiner: Life, Work, Inner Path and Social Initiatives. Hawthorne Press, 2000.
  • McDermott, Robert, The Essential Steiner. Harper Press, 1984
  • Prokofieff, Sergei O., Rudolf Steiner and the Founding of the New Mysteries. Temple Lodge Publishing, 1994.
  • Seddon, Richard, Rudolf Steiner. North Atlantic Books, 2004.
  • Shepherd, A. P., Rudolf Steiner: Scientist of the Invisible. Inner Traditions, 1990.
  • Schiller, Paul, Rudolf Steiner and Initiation. SteinerBooks, 1990.
  • Selg, Peter, Rudolf Steiner as a Spiritual Teacher. From Recollections of Those Who Knew Him, SteinerBooks Publishing, 2010.
  • Sokolina, Anna, ed. Architecture and Anthroposophy. 2 editions. 268p. 348 ills. (In Russian with the Summary in English.) Moscow: KMK, 2001 ISBN 5873170746; 2010 ISBN 5873176604
  • Tummer, Lia and Lato, Horacio, Rudolf Steiner and Anthroposophy for Beginners. Writers & Readers Publishing, 2001.
  • Turgeniev, Assya, Reminiscences of Rudolf Steiner and Work on the First Goetheanum, ISBN 1-902636-40-6
  • Villeneuve, Crispian, Rudolf Steiner: The British Connection, Elements from his Early Life and Cultural Development, ISBN 978-1-906999-29-2
  • Wachsmuth, Guenther, The Life and Work of Rudolf Steiner: From the Turn of the Century to his Death, Whittier Books 1955.
  • Welburn, Andrew, Rudolf Steiner's Philosophy and the Crisis of Contemporary Thought, ISBN 0-86315-436-0
  • Wilkinson, Roy, Rudolf Steiner: An Introduction to his Spiritual World-View, ISBN 1-902636-28-7
  • Wilson, Colin, Rudolf Steiner: The Man and His Vision. An Introduction to the Life and Ideas of the Founder of Anthroposophy, The Aquarian Press, 1985, ISBN 0-85030-398-2

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