Pembersihan Besar

Pembersihan Besar
Hanzi tradisional:	遷界令
Hanzi sederhana:	迁界令
Alih aksara
	Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin:	Qiānjiè Lìng
- Wade-Giles:	Ch'ien1-chieh4 Ling4
	nama alternatif
Hanzi tradisional:	遷海令
Hanzi sederhana:	迁海令
Makna literal:	Perintah Evakuasi Pesisir
Alih aksara
	Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin:	Qiānhǎi Lìng
- Wade-Giles:	Ch'ien1-hai3 Ling4

Pembersihan Besar (Hanzi tradisional: 遷界令; Hanzi sederhana: 迁界令), juga diterjemahkan menjadi Evakuasi Besar atau Perpindahan Perbatasan Besar, mengacu kepada dekret yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1661, 1664, dan 1679,^[1]^[2] yang mewajibkan evakuasi wilayah pesisir Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangnan, dan Shandong^[3]^{[note 1]}, untuk melawan gerakan anti-Qing dari loyalis Dinasti Ming (1368–1644) terdahulu yang berpusat di Taiwan.^[2]

Dekret ini pertama kali dikeluarkan oleh Kaisar Shunzhi Dinasti Qing (1643-1661) pada tahun 1661. Dengan kematian Kaisar Shunzhi pada tahun 1661, putranya, Kaisar Kangxi (1661-1722), menggantikan dekret ini di bawah sebuah kabupaten yang dipimpin oleh Oboi (1661-1669). Larangan permukiman manusia di wilayah pesisir ini dicabut pada tahun 1669, dan beberapa penduduk diizinkan kembali. Namun, pada tahun 1679, dekret dikeluarkan lagi. Pada tahun 1683, setelah Qing mengalahkan Kerajaan Tungning dalam Pertempuran Penghu dan menguasai Taiwan, orang-orang dari daerah yang dibersihkan menurut dekret diizinkan untuk kembali dan tinggal di daerah yang dibersihkan tersebut.^[4]^[5]

Tujuan sunting

Tujuannya adalah untuk melawan gerakan anti-Qing yang berpusat di Taiwan, dimulai oleh para loyalis Dinasti Ming di bawah kepemimpinan Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga), yang menggunakan pengaruhnya di daerah pesisir untuk mendukung gerakan tersebut. Langkah ini sesuai dengan sebuah rencana lima poin untuk menghadapi Koxinga, disarankan oleh salah satu mantan letnannya yang telah pergi memihak Manchu. Penggunaannya disebabkan oleh keyakinan bahwa kampanye Koxinga melawan dinasti baru tidak dapat dilanjutkan jika bantuan dan pasokan tidak diberikan kepadanya dengan cara ini.^[3]

Kabupaten Xin'an sunting

Penegakan sunting

Penegakan tindakan drastis ini diperluas ke Kabupaten Xin'an (yang mencakup kira-kira wilayah Shenzhen saat ini dan Hong Kong) dan kabupaten yang berdekatan di Guangdong pada tahun 1661. Dua inspeksi menentukan area yang akan dibersihkan. Pada saat inspeksi pertama hingga jarak 50 li dari pantai, diperhitungkan bahwa dua pertiga wilayah Kabupaten akan terdampak. Setahun kemudian batas diperpanjang lebih jauh ke pedalaman, dan apa yang tersisa dari Kabupaten harus diserap ke dalam Kabupaten Dongguan yang bersebelahan. Menjelang tahun ke-5 Kangxi, Xin'an tidak lagi menjadi daerah administratif yang terpisah. Ketika batas-batas baru ditetapkan, penduduk yang tinggal di luar mereka diberi pemberitahuan untuk pindah ke pedalaman. Perintah-perintah ini diberlakukan oleh pasukan. Hasilnya adalah bahwa seluruh masyarakat dipindahkan dari tempat asalnya, kehilangan mata pencaharian, dan dipaksa untuk menetap di tempat yang mereka bisa. Orang-orang pedesaan mempertaruhkan nyawa mereka jika mereka mengabaikan dekret pemerintah untuk pindah, atau pergi kembali ke daerah terlarang. Tercatat bahwa sekitar 16.000 orang dari Xin'an diusir ke pedalaman.^[3] Apa yang sekarang merupakan wilayah Hong Kong menjadi tanah kosong selama pelarangan.^[6]

Lihat pula sunting

Catatan sunting

^ Jiangnan was divided into two provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui and ceased to exist in Qianlong era of Qing dynasty.

Referensi sunting

^ Wang, Rigen (2000). "元明清政府海洋政策与东南沿海港市的兴衰嬗变片论" (PDF). The Journal of Chinese Social and Economic History (dalam bahasa Tionghoa) (2): 1–7 – via COnnecting REpositories. Moreover, three times of the Great Clearance, which happened in the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661), 3rd year of Kangxi(1664), 18th year of Kangxi(1679) respectively, caused 'what used to be busy and prosperous streets to become ruins, and the people who used to gather in the same place as family to separate. The documents that recorded family bonds got incomplete, classic books got lost, brothers were separated and ancestors were no longer worshiped. ' (Hanzi: 另外顺治十八年(1661) 、康熙三年 (1664) 、十八年 (1679)三次迁界 ,也造成了“昔之闾里繁盛者 ,化而为墟矣 ,昔之鸠宗聚族者 ,化而星散矣 ,户口凋残 ,典籍失矣 ,兄弟离散 ,神主遗之。”)
^ ^a ^b Wang, Yuesheng (Sep 1, 2015). 制度与人口:以中国历史和现实为基础的分析下卷 (dalam bahasa Tionghoa). Beijing: Beijing Book Co. Inc. ISBN 9787999012092. In the early era of the Qing dynasty, in order to cut the connection between the coastal residents in Southeast China and the regime of Zheng retreated to Taiwan, the Qing government issued a clearance order in the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661)...(text omitted)... In the 3rd year of Kangxi (1664), the Government forced the residents to migrate again, giving the reason that "the coastal defense was an issue while the incomplete evacuation was worrisome."(Hanzi: 清初为断绝东南沿海民众与退居台湾的郑氏集团的联系，于顺治18年（1661年）下令迁海。……康熙三年（1664年）政府以“以海防为事，民未尽空为虑”，再次迁民。)
^ ^a ^b ^c Hayes, James (1974). "The Hong Kong Region: its place in Traditional Chinese Historiography and Principal Events since the Establishment of Hsin-an County in 1573" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. Hong Kong. 14: 108–135. ISSN 1991-7295.
^ "康熙朝實錄·卷之一百十三". Wikisource. 清實錄 (dalam bahasa Tionghoa). Diakses tanggal 2019-04-14. The Emperor told the Minister Du Zhen and other officials who were assigned to open the border along the coast in Fujian and Guangdong, 'It is of great importance to relocate the people. You should investigate into the ownership so as to give things back to who they originally belonged to. You should work with the local high officials to make sure soldiers and civilians be in the right place. You should be self-disciplined, and do not behave like the previous officials being rude and impolite. ' (Hanzi: 上谕差往福建广东展沿海边界侍郎杜臻等曰、迁移百姓、事关紧要。当察明原产、给还原主。尔等会同总督巡抚安插、务使兵民得所。须廉洁自持。勿似从前差往人员、所行鄙琐也)
^ Wang, Rigen; Su, Huiping (2010). "康熙帝海疆政策反复变易析论". Jianghai Academic Journal (2). doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-856X.2010.02.024 – via Wangfang Data. In Octobor 1683, the Kangxi Emperor ordered Du Zhen, Vice Minister of Personnel and other officials to go to the four provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang to measure the coastal lands, recruiting people to farm in the previously deserted land, to make the civilians back to their original homeland. (Hanzi: 康熙二十二年(1683)十月，康熙帝命吏部侍郎杜臻等往福建、广东、江苏、浙江四省勘查沿海边界，招垦荒地，让老百姓们回到原来的土地上从事耕作。)
^ Hong Kong Museum of History: "The Hong Kong Story" Exhibition Materials Diarsipkan 2009-04-18 di Wayback Machine.

[4] Jiangnan was divided into two provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui and ceased to exist in Qianlong era of Qing dynasty.

[1] Wang, Rigen (2000). "元明清政府海洋政策与东南沿海港市的兴衰嬗变片论" (PDF). The Journal of Chinese Social and Economic History (dalam bahasa Tionghoa) (2): 1–7 – via COnnecting REpositories. Moreover, three times of the Great Clearance, which happened in the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661), 3rd year of Kangxi(1664), 18th year of Kangxi(1679) respectively, caused 'what used to be busy and prosperous streets to become ruins, and the people who used to gather in the same place as family to separate. The documents that recorded family bonds got incomplete, classic books got lost, brothers were separated and ancestors were no longer worshiped. ' (Hanzi: 另外顺治十八年(1661) 、康熙三年 (1664) 、十八年 (1679)三次迁界 ,也造成了“昔之闾里繁盛者 ,化而为墟矣 ,昔之鸠宗聚族者 ,化而星散矣 ,户口凋残 ,典籍失矣 ,兄弟离散 ,神主遗之。”)

[:0-2] Wang, Yuesheng (Sep 1, 2015). 制度与人口:以中国历史和现实为基础的分析下卷 (dalam bahasa Tionghoa). Beijing: Beijing Book Co. Inc. ISBN 9787999012092. In the early era of the Qing dynasty, in order to cut the connection between the coastal residents in Southeast China and the regime of Zheng retreated to Taiwan, the Qing government issued a clearance order in the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661)...(text omitted)... In the 3rd year of Kangxi (1664), the Government forced the residents to migrate again, giving the reason that "the coastal defense was an issue while the incomplete evacuation was worrisome."(Hanzi: 清初为断绝东南沿海民众与退居台湾的郑氏集团的联系，于顺治18年（1661年）下令迁海。……康熙三年（1664年）政府以“以海防为事，民未尽空为虑”，再次迁民。)

[historiography-3] Hayes, James (1974). "The Hong Kong Region: its place in Traditional Chinese Historiography and Principal Events since the Establishment of Hsin-an County in 1573" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. Hong Kong. 14: 108–135. ISSN 1991-7295.

[5] "康熙朝實錄·卷之一百十三". Wikisource. 清實錄 (dalam bahasa Tionghoa). Diakses tanggal 2019-04-14. The Emperor told the Minister Du Zhen and other officials who were assigned to open the border along the coast in Fujian and Guangdong, 'It is of great importance to relocate the people. You should investigate into the ownership so as to give things back to who they originally belonged to. You should work with the local high officials to make sure soldiers and civilians be in the right place. You should be self-disciplined, and do not behave like the previous officials being rude and impolite. ' (Hanzi: 上谕差往福建广东展沿海边界侍郎杜臻等曰、迁移百姓、事关紧要。当察明原产、给还原主。尔等会同总督巡抚安插、务使兵民得所。须廉洁自持。勿似从前差往人员、所行鄙琐也)

[6] Wang, Rigen; Su, Huiping (2010). "康熙帝海疆政策反复变易析论". Jianghai Academic Journal (2). doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-856X.2010.02.024 – via Wangfang Data. In Octobor 1683, the Kangxi Emperor ordered Du Zhen, Vice Minister of Personnel and other officials to go to the four provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang to measure the coastal lands, recruiting people to farm in the previously deserted land, to make the civilians back to their original homeland. (Hanzi: 康熙二十二年(1683)十月，康熙帝命吏部侍郎杜臻等往福建、广东、江苏、浙江四省勘查沿海边界，招垦荒地，让老百姓们回到原来的土地上从事耕作。)

[HK_story-7] Hong Kong Museum of History: "The Hong Kong Story" Exhibition Materials Diarsipkan 2009-04-18 di Wayback Machine.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[note 1]

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[6]