Pembantaian Vukovar
Pembantaian Vukovar, juga dikenal sebagai pembantaian Ovčara, adalah pembantaian terhadap tawanan perang dan warga sipil Kroasia oleh syap paramiliter Serbia, kepada tawanan yang diserahkan oleh Tentara Rakyat Yugoslavia (JNA), di kamung Ovčara di tenggara Vukovar pada 20 November 1991, selama Perang Kemerdekaan Kroasia. Pembantaian itu terjadi tak lama setelah Vukovar dikuasai oleh JNA, Teritorijalna Odbrana (TO), dan pasukan paramiliter Serbia. Pembantaian ini adalah pembantaian terbesar dan kejahatan perang terburuk di Eropa sejak Perang Dunia II hingga saat itu.
Pembantaian Vukovar | |
---|---|
Bagian dari Perang Kemerdekaan Kroasia | |
Vukovar dalam peta Kroasia; wilayah yang dikuasai JNA | |
Lokasi | Grabovo, Kroasia |
Koordinat | 45°17′44″N 19°03′33″E / 45.29556°N 19.05917°E |
Tanggal | 20 November 1991 |
Sasaran | Tawanan perang Kroasia, warga sipil, beberapa orang Serbia, Muslim, Hungaria |
Jenis serangan | Pembantaian, eksekusi kilat, pembersihan etnis |
Korban | 200 tewas dan dikubur di tempat ca 60 hilang |
Pelaku | Serb Kroasia, Teritorijalna Odbrana, Leva Supoderica sayap paramiliter Serbia, dan Tentara Rakyat Yugoslavia |
Pada hari-hari terakhir pertempuran, evakuasi pasien rumah sakit Vukovar dinegosiasikan oleh pemerintah Kroasia, JNA dan Misi Pemantau Komunitas Eropa bekerja sama dengan Komite Internasional Palang Merah (ICRC). JNA kemudian menolak kehadiran ICRC ke rumah sakit meskipun ada persetujuan sbelumnya. JNA mengeluarkan sekitar 300 orang dari rumah sakit itu. Kelompok tersebut sebagian besar terdiri dari etnis Kroasia tetapi ada juga etnis Serbia, Hungaria, Muslim dan dua warga negara asing yang bertempur di pihak Garda Nasional Kroasia, di mana pada awalnya mereka diangkut ke barak JNA di Vukovar. Beberapa tahanan dikenali sebagai staf rumah sakit dan dikeluarkan dari kelompok untuk dikembalikan ke rumah sakit sementara sisanya diangkut ke ladang Ovčara di selatan Vukovar. Sesampainya di sana, para tahanan dipukuli selama beberapa jam sebelum JNA menarik pasukannya dari lokasi tersebut, meninggalkan para tahanan dalam kepungan TO Serbia Kroasia dan sayap paramiliter Serbia. Para tahanan kemudian dibawa ke tempat yang telah disiapkan, ditembak dalam kelompok yang terdiri dari sepuluh hingga dua puluh orang dan dimakamkan di kuburan massal.
Kuburan massal ditemukan pada Oktober 1992 dan dijaga oleh Pasukan Perlindungan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa yang telah dikerahkan ke daerah itu sejak awal tahun. Pada tahun 1996, 200 jenazah digali dari kuburan oleh Pengadilan Pidana Internasional untuk Bekas Yugoslavia (ICTY). Kroasia meyakini ada 61 orang lainnya yang dimakamkan di kuburan yang berbeda di daerah tersebut, sementara jaksa ICTY yakin angka itu mencapai 60. ICTY menghukum dua petugas JNA sehubungan dengan pembantaian tersebut, dan juga mengadili mantan Presiden Serbia Slobodan Milošević dengan sejumlah dakwaan kejahatan perang, termasuk yang dilakukan di Vukovar. Milošević meninggal di penjara sebelum seluruh persidangannya selesai. Beberapa mantan anggota TO Serbia Kroasia dan unit paramiliter Serbia diadili oleh pengadilan lokal di Serbia dan dihukum karena keterlibatan mereka dalam pembantaian tersebut. Pada Februari 2015, Mahkamah Internasional memutuskan bahwa pengepungan, pembantaian, dan serangkaian kekejaman yang dilakukan di tempat lain di Kroasia bukan merupakan genosida.
Situs kuburan massal ditandai dengan monumen dan bangunan penyimpanan yang digunakan di Ovčara untuk menahan para tahanan sebelum eksekusi dibangun sebagai situs peringatan pada tahun 2006. Pada Juli 2014, situs peringatan tersebut telah dikunjungi oleh sekitar 500.000 wisatawan.
Referensi
sunting- Armatta, Judith (2010). Twilight of Impunity: The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosevic. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4746-0.
- Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History . London, England: Routledge. ISBN 9781134583287.
- Cassese, Antonio, ed. (2009). The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191553448.
- Cencich, John R. (2013). The Devil's Garden: A War Crimes Investigator's Story. Lincoln, Nebraska: Potomac Books. ISBN 9781612341729.
- Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002). Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. OCLC 50396958.
- Clark, Janine Natalya (2014). International Trials and Reconciliation: Assessing the Impact of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 9781317974758.
- Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. London, England: Routledge. 1999. ISBN 978-1-85743-058-5.
- Gow, James (2003). The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes. London, England: C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 9781850656463.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2005). "Crime and the Economy in Serbia after Milošević". Dalam Ramet, Sabrina P. Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society under Milošević and After. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. hlm. 212–226. ISBN 9780295802077.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2010). "The War of Yugoslav Succession". Dalam Ramet, Sabrina P. Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 111–136. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4.
- Horton, Richard C. (2003). Second Opinion: Doctors, Diseases and Decisions in Modern Medicine. London: Granta Books. ISBN 978-1-86207-587-0.
- Kurspahić, Kemal (2003). Prime Time Crime: Balkan Media in War and Peace. Washington, D.C.: US Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 978-1-929223-39-8.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building And Legitimation, 1918–2006. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8.
- Ramet, Sabrina P.; Matić, Davorka (2007). Democratic Transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education & Media. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-587-5.
- Stover, Eric; Peress, Gilles (1998). The Graves: Srebrenica and Vukovar. Zurich, Switzerland: Scalo. ISBN 9783931141769.
- Stover, Eric; Weinstein, Harvey M (2004). My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54264-7.
- Stover, Eric (2011). The Witnesses: War Crimes and the Promise of Justice in The Hague. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812203783.
- Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195333435.
- Woodward, Susan L. (1995). Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War . Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 9780815722953.
- Scientific journal articles
- Klein, Jacques Paul; Jones, David Sterling; McDowell, Paul J. (1 April 1998). "Operation Little Flower: The United Nations' apprehension of an indicted war criminal". Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin. Fort Huachuca, Arizona: United States Army Intelligence Center. ISSN 0026-4024. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-04-02. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-18 – via Highbeam Research.
- Lončar, Marko (May 2010). "Činjenice o "Optužnici" koju je pročitao Siniša Glavašević" [Facts on the "Indictment" Read by Siniša Glavašević]. National security and the future (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: St. George Association. 11 (2–3): 9–60. ISSN 1332-4454.
- Marijan, Davor (November 2012). "Zamisao i propast napadne operacije Jugoslavenske narodne armije na Hrvatsku u rujnu 1991. godine" [The Conception and Failure of the Offensive Operation of the Yugoslav National Army in September 1991]. Journal of Contemporary History (dalam bahasa Croatian). Croatian Institute of History. 44 (2): 251–275. ISSN 0590-9597.
- News reports
- Bell, Martin (22 August 2011). Return to Vukovar (Radio broadcast). BBC Radio 4. Diakses tanggal 7 May 2015.
- Bijelić, N. (27 September 2004). "Štuka se hvalio da je streljao" [Štuka Boasted about Shootings]. Večernje novosti (dalam bahasa Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia.
- Biluš, Marina (19 June 2007). "Slavomir Drinković – kipar patriot na čelu stoljetne akademije" [Slavomir Drinković – Patriot Sculptor Heads Century-old Academy]. Nacional (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
- "Bio je književnik i novinar, a postao je simbol Vukovara" [He was a Writer and a Journalist, and Became a Symbol of Vukovar] (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Nova TV (Croatia). HINA. 4 November 2014.
- Blair, David (3 February 2015). "International Court of Justice clears Croatia and Serbia of genocide". The Daily Telegraph. London, England.
- "Bodies Link Officers To Croat Executions". The New York Times. New York City. 24 October 1996.
- Borovac, Marina (18 November 2014). "Dvaput smo bili na identifikaciji žrtava Ovčare, ali..." [We Went to Ovčara Victims' Identification Twice, but...]. Večernji list (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
- Bradarić, Branimir (20 November 2010). "Susretom "Grad - to ste vi" zaključen Dan sjećanja" [Meeting "City - It Is You" Concludes the Day of Remembrance]. Večernji list (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
- Bradarić, Branimir (18 November 2012). "Otkriven spomenik za legendu obrane i najmlađu žrtvu Ovčare" [Monument to a Defence Legend and the Youngest Victim of Ovčara Unveiled]. Večernji list (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
- Bradarić, Branimir (18 October 2014). "Pješački most u Vukovaru ponio ime po francuskom dragovoljcu Jean-Michelu Nicolieru" [Pedestrian Bridge in Vukovar Named After French Volunteer Jean-Michel Nicolier]. Večernji list (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
- Bradarić, Branimir (31 October 2014). "Matić s učenicima u Vukovaru: Istina o ratu je jedna jedina" [Matić With Pupils in Vukovar: There is a Single Truth about the War]. Večernji list (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
- Butigan, Sanja (23 November 2006). "Spomen-dom Ovčara: Svi imaju isti datum smrti" [Ovčara Memorial Centre: Everyone's Date of Death is the Same]. Jutarnji list (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-04-02. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-18.
- Butigan, Sanja (18 November 2014). "Vukovar je zaslužio mir i dostojanstvo - jedinstvena je poruka sudionika Dana sjećanja" [Vukovar Deserves Peace and Dignity - Single Message of those Attending the Remembrance Day]. Glas Slavonije (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
- Chenu, Georges-Marie (18 November 1995). "18 novembre 1991, la chute de Vukovar" [18 November 1991, Fall of Vukovar]. Le Monde (dalam bahasa French). Paris, France.
- Derikonjić, Miroslava (14 December 2013). "Ustavni sud ukinuo presudu za Ovčaru" [Constitutional Court Sets Aside Ovčara Judgment]. Politika (dalam bahasa Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia.
- Derikonjić, Miroslava (14 February 2015). "Okrivljeni za zločin na "Ovčari" na slobodi posle 12 godina" [Accused for Ovčara Crime Released after 12 Years]. Politika (dalam bahasa Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia.
- Engelberg, Stephen (3 March 1991). "Belgrade Sends Troops to Croatia Town". The New York Times. New York City. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 November 2013. Diakses tanggal 18 January 2013.
- Flego, Miroslav (7 July 2014). "Ovčaru i Memorijalno groblje posjetilo oko pola milijuna turista" [Ovčara and the Memorial Cemetery Visited by about Half a Million Tourists]. Večernji list (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
- "Mjesta stradanja ratne '91. godine" [Places of Suffering in Wartime Year of 1991]. Glas Slavonije (dalam bahasa Croatian). Osijek, Croatia. 17 November 2012.
- "Goran Hadzic, Croatian-Serb war crimes defendant, dies at 57". London, England: BBC News. 12 July 2016.
- Harden, Blaine (26 January 1993). "Serbs Accused of '91 Croatia Massacre; U.S. Doctors Believe 200 Wounded Men Were Taken From Hospital and Shot". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-24. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-18 – via Highbeam Research.
- Hudson, Alexandra (25 September 2007). "U.N. Tribunal to Rule in Vukovar Massacre Case". London, England: Reuters. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-12-25. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-18.
- Ivanković, Davor (18 November 2010). "Na Ovčari su ubijeni i Srbi, ali i francuski i njemački dobrovoljci" [Serbs were Also Killed at Ovčara, as well as French and German Volunteers]. Večernji list (dalam bahasa Croatian).
- Kovacevic, Tamara (9 March 2004). "Profile: The 'Vukovar Three'". London, England: BBC News.
- LeBor, Adam (28 September 2007). "Serb Officer is Jailed over the Massacre of 194 Croats Snatched from Hospital" . The Times. London, England.
- Lisjak, Tatjana (25 November 2014). "Petar Ćirić osuđen na 15 godina robije za mučenja i ubojstva na Ovčari" [Petar Ćirić Sentenced to 15 Years in Prison for Torture and Murders at Ovčara]. Večernji list (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
- Little, Alan (13 March 2004). "Vukovar massacre haunts Serbs: Serbia is still in denial about the crimes that were committed in its name". London, England: BBC News.
- Little, Alan (23 June 2011). "Croatia Vukovar War: Overcoming a Legacy of War". London, England: BBC News.
- Marjanović, Vedran (19 January 2014). "Ivan Grujić: Vojska Jugoslavije prebacila je 1995. ostatke nestalih Hrvata u grobnice po Srbiji" [Ivan Grujić: Yugoslav Army Transferred Remains of Missing Croats to Graves in Serbia in 1995]. Slobodna Dalmacija (dalam bahasa Croatian). Split, Croatia.
- "Na Ovčari otkriveno spomen-obilježje žrtvama srpske agresije" [Memorial to Victims of Serb Aggression Unveiled at Ovčara] (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Radiotelevision. 30 December 1998. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-05. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-18.
- "'Na srpskom likvidirati ne znači streljati'" [Liquidate in Serbian Does not Mean to Shoot]. Politika (dalam bahasa Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia. 15 January 2008.
- Ottaway, David B. (7 January 1994). "UN Envoy Demands Probe Of Mass Grave in Croatia". Chicago Sun-Times. Chicago, Illinois. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-04-02. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-18 – via Highbeam Research.
- "Osnovna škola u Vukovaru nosi ime Siniše Glavaševića" [Elementary School in Vukovar Named After Siniša Glavašević] (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Index.hr. 5 November 2007.
- Partos, Gabriel (13 June 2003). "Vukovar Massacre: What Happened". London, England: BBC News.
- Pavelić, Boris. "Let the Tragedy Speak for Itself". Belgrade, Serbia: B92.
- Perlez, Jane (5 January 1996). "In Montenegro, an Indicted Soldier Is Still a Hero". The New York Times. New York City.
- "Petru Ćiriću 15 godina zatvora za zločin na Ovčari" [Petar Ćirić Receives 15 Years in Prison for the Crime at Ovčara]. Politika (dalam bahasa Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia. Tanjug. 1 July 2013.
- Rašović, Renata (3 June 2012). "Priča o dragovoljcu u tuđini koji nema grob" [Story of Volunteer in a Foreign Country Who Has no Grave]. Večernji list (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
- "Roads Sealed as Yugoslav Unrest Mounts". The New York Times. New York City. Reuters. 19 August 1990. ISSN 0362-4331.
- "Serb leader Tadic apologises for 1991 Vukovar massacre". London, England: BBC News. 4 November 2010.
- "Serbia radical Vojislav Seselj acquitted of Balkan war crimes". London, England: BBC News. 31 March 2016.
- Sudetic, Chuck (2 April 1991). "Rebel Serbs Complicate Rift on Yugoslav Unity". The New York Times. New York City. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 November 2013. Diakses tanggal 18 January 2013.
- Tagirov, Tatjana (8 July 2004). "'Oni ne bi ni mrava zgazili'" [They Wouldn't Hurt an Ant]. Vreme (dalam bahasa Serbian) (705). Belgrade, Serbia. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-02-09. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-18.
- "UN court dismisses Croatia and Serbia genocide claims". BBC News. London, England. 3 February 2015.
- "UN appeal court convicts Serb radical Seselj of war crimes". BBC News. London, England. 11 April 2018.
- "Vesna Bosanac: Iz bolnice su odovodili civile i ranjenike kojima se potom izgubio svaki trag" [Vesna Bosanac: They Took Civilians and Wounded from the Hospital who were Never Seen Again]. Novi list (dalam bahasa Croatian). Rijeka, Croatia. HINA. 9 April 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-09-23. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-18.
- Vuković, Vinko (3 October 2012). "Priča o hrvatskom domoljubu Jeanu Michelu Nicolieru, mučki likvidiranom na Ovčari, zaslužuje da ode u svijet" [Story of Croatian Patriot Jean Michel Nicolier, Brutally Killed at Ovčara, Deserves to be Heard Throughout the World]. Slobodna Dalmacija (dalam bahasa Croatian). Split, Croatia.
- "Vukovar: Muzej u bolnici" [Vukovar: Museum in Hospital] (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Nova TV (Croatia). HINA. 17 November 2006.
- Wood, Paul (15 January 2000). "Gangster's life of Serb warlord". London, England: BBC News.