Jorge Ubico
Jorge Ubico Castañeda (10 November 1878 – 14 Juni 1946), berjuluk Nomor Lima (berdasarkan pada jumlah huruf dari nama Jorge) atau juga Napoleon dari Amerika Tengah, adalah penguasa otoriter Guatemala dari 14 Februari 1931 sampai 4 Juli 1944. Sebagai seorang jenderal dalam angkatan darat Guatemala, ia terpilih menjadi presiden pada 1931, dalam sebuah pemilihan dimana ia menjadi satu-satunya kandidat. Ia meneruskan kebijakan-kebijkan para pendahulunya yang memberikan kelonggaran masif terhadap United Fruit Company dan para tuan tanah kaya, serta mendukung praktik buruh paksa mereka.[1][2] Ia dilengserkan dengan sebuah kebangkitan pro-demokrasi[3] pada 1944, yang berujung pada Revolusi Guatemala selama sepuluh tahun.
Jorge Ubico Castañeda | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Presiden Guatemala 21 | |
| Masa jabatan 14 Februari 1931 – 1 Juli 1944 | |
| Pendahulu | José María Reina |
| Pengganti | Federico Ponce Vaides |
| Wakil Presiden Pertama Guatemala ke-17 | |
| Masa jabatan 28 April 1922 – 28 April 1923 | |
| Presiden | José María Orellana |
| Pendahulu | José María Orellana |
| Pengganti | Margarito Ariza |
| Menteri Perang dan Kepala Kepolisian Guatemala | |
| Masa jabatan 10 Desember 1922 – 20 Desember 1923 | |
| Presiden | José María Orellana |
| Pendahulu | José Beteta |
| Pengganti | Mauro de León |
| Menteri Pengembangan Guatemala | |
| Masa jabatan 2 Januari 1920 – 8 April 1920 | |
| Presiden | Manuel Estrada Cabrera |
| Pendahulu | Joaquín Méndez |
| Pengganti | Alberto Mencos |
| Pemimpin Partai Progresif Liberal Guatemala | |
| Masa jabatan 1926 – 1 Juli 1944 | |
| Pendahulu | Jabatan dibuat |
| Pengganti | Federico Ponce Vaides |
| Gubernur Retalhuleu | |
| Masa jabatan 27 Mei 1911 – 26 April 1915 | |
| Presiden | Manuel Estrada Cabrera |
| Gubernur Alta Verapaz | |
| Masa jabatan 19 April 1907 – 27 Mei 1911 | |
| Presiden | Manuel Estrada Cabrera |
| Kepala Komisi Kesehatan Pemerintah Guatemala | |
| Masa jabatan 1917–1919 | |
| Presiden | Manuel Estrada Cabrera |
| Pendahulu | Jabatan dibuat |
| Pengganti | Position abolished |
| Informasi pribadi | |
| Lahir | 10 November 1878 Guatemala City, Guatemala |
| Meninggal | 14 Juni 1946 (umur 67) New Orleans, Louisiana, AS |
| Partai politik | Partai Progresif Liberal |
| Suami/istri | Marta Lainfiesta
(m. 1905–1946) |
| Profesi | Prajurit |
| Tanda tangan |  |
| Julukan | Nomor Lima Napoleon dari Amerika Tengah Makhluk dari Guacamolon |
| Karier militer | |
| Pihak |  Guatemala |
| Dinas/cabang | Militer Guatemala |
| Masa dinas | 1896–1944 |
| Pangkat | General |
| Komando | Semuanya (komandan tertinggi) |
| Pertempuran/perang | Perang Totoposte (1903-06) Kudeta Guatemala 1921 |
Catatan dan referensiSunting
CatatanSunting
ReferensiSunting
- ^ Streeter 2000, hlm. 15–16.
- ^ Immerman 1983, hlm. 48–50.
- ^ Forster 2001, hlm. 89–91.
Daftar pustakaSunting
- Benz, Stephen Connely (1996). Guatemalan Journey. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70840-2.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (2008). Multinational Corporations, Totalitarian Regimes, and Economic Nationalism: United Fruit Company in Central America, 1899-1975. Business History. 50. hlm. 433–454. doi:10.1080/00076790802106315.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (2005). "Banana War Maneuvers". Harvard Business Review. 83 (11): 22–24.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Bucheli, Marcelo (Summer 2004). "Enforcing Business Contracts in South America: the United Fruit Company and the Colombian Banana Planters in the Twentieth-Century". Business History Review. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. 78 (2): 181–212. doi:10.2307/25096865. JSTOR 25096865.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (2006). "The United Fruit Company in Latin America: Business Strategies in a Changing Environment". Dalam Jones, Geoffrey; Wadhwani, R. Daniel. Entrepreneurship and Global Capitalism. 2. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar. hlm. 342–383. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-10-06. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-18.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (1997). "United Fruit Company in Colombia: Impact of Labor Relations and Governmental Regulations on its Operations, 1948-1968". Essays in Economic and Business History. 15: 65–84.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (2006). "United Fruit Company". Dalam Geisst, Charles. Encyclopedia of American Business History. London, England: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4350-7.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (2004). "United Fruit Company". Dalam McCusker, John. History of World Trade Since 1450. New York: Macmillan.
- De los Ríos, Efraín (1948). Ombres contra Hombres (dalam bahasa Spanish) (edisi ke-3rd). Mexico, D.F.: Fondo de cultura de la Universidad de México.
- Díaz Romeu, Guillermo (1996). "Del régimen de Carlos Herrera a la elección de Jorge Ubico". Historia general de Guatemala. 1993-1999 (dalam bahasa Spanish). 5. Guatemala: Asociación de Amigos del País, Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarrollo. hlm. 37–42. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-01-12. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-18.
- Gleijeses, Piero (1992). Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944-1954. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02556-8.
- Grandin, Greg (2000). The blood of Guatemala: a history of race and nation. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-2495-9.
- Forster, Cindy (2001). The Time of Freedom: Campesino Workers in Guatemala's October Revolution. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 9780822941620.
- Fried, Jonathan L. (1983). Guatemala in rebellion: unfinished history. Grove Press. hlm. 52.
- Friedman, Max Paul (2003). Nazis and good neighbors: the United States campaign against the Germans of Latin America in World War II. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 82–83. ISBN 9780521822466.
- Immerman, Richard H. (1983). The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292710832.
- Jonas, Susanne (1991). The battle for Guatemala: rebels, death squads, and U.S. power (edisi ke-5th). Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-0614-8.
- Krehm, William (1999). Democracies and Tyrannies of the Caribbean in 1940s. COMER Publications. ISBN 9781896266817.
- Loveman, Brian; Davies, Thomas M. (1997). The Politics of antipolitics: the military in Latin America (edisi ke-3rd, revised). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8420-2611-6.
- Martínez Peláez, Severo (1990). La Patria del Criollo (dalam bahasa Spanish). México: Ediciones En Marcha. hlm. 858.
- McCreery, David (1994). Rural Guatemala, 1760-1940. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804723183.
- Nuestro Diario (14 December 1930). "Noticias de primera plana". Nuestro Diario (dalam bahasa Spanish). Guatemala.
- Nuestro Diario (8 February 1931). "Noticias de primera plana". Nuestro Diario (dalam bahasa Spanish). Guatemala.
- Paterson, Thomas G.; et al. (2009). American Foreign Relations: A History, Volume 2: Since 1895. Cengage Learning. ISBN 0547225695.
- Rabe, Stephen G. (1988). Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807842041.
- Shillington, John (2002). Grappling with atrocity: Guatemalan theater in the 1990s. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. hlm. 38–39. ISBN 9780838639306.
- Streeter, Stephen M. (2000). Managing the counterrevolution: the United States and Guatemala, 1954-1961. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-89680-215-5.
- Time (29 December 1930). "Wrong horse No. 2". Time magazine. United States. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-04. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-18.
- Time (12 January 1931). "We are not amused". Time magazine. United States. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-12-15. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-18.
- Time (20 April 1931). "Died. General Lazaro Chacon, 56, President of Guatemala". United States. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-08-12. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-18.
Bacaan tambahanSunting
- Arévalo Martinez, Rafael (1945). ¡Ecce Pericles! (dalam bahasa Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional.
- Bucheli, Marcelo; Read, Ian (2006). "Banana Boats and Baby Food: The Banana in U.S. History". Dalam Topik, Steven; Marichal, Carlos; Frank, Zephyr. From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500-2000. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3766-9.
- Grieb, Kenneth J. (1979). Guatemalan Caudillo: The Regime of Jorge Ubico 1931–1944. Athens: Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-0379-6. OCLC 4135828.
- LaFeber, Walter (1993). Inevitable revolutions: the United States in Central America. W. W. Norton & Company. hlm. 77–79. ISBN 9780393309645.
- Samayoa Chinchilla, Carlos (1950). El Dictador y yo (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Guatemala City: Imprenta Iberia. OCLC 5585663.
| Jabatan politik | ||
|---|---|---|
| Didahului oleh: José María Reina Andrade (pelaksana jabatan) |
 Presiden Guatemala 1931–1944 |
Diteruskan oleh: Juan Federico Ponce Vaides |