Jorge Ubico
Jorge Ubico Castañeda (lahir 10 November 1878 – meninggal 14 Juni 1946 pada umur 67 tahun), berjuluk Nomor Lima (berdasarkan pada jumlah huruf dari nama Jorge) atau juga Napoleon dari Amerika Tengah, adalah penguasa otoriter Guatemala dari 14 Februari 1931 sampai 4 Juli 1944. Sebagai seorang jenderal dalam angkatan darat Guatemala, ia terpilih menjadi presiden pada 1931, dalam sebuah pemilihan dimana ia menjadi satu-satunya kandidat. Ia meneruskan kebijakan-kebijkan para pendahulunya yang memberikan kelonggaran masif terhadap United Fruit Company dan para tuan tanah kaya, serta mendukung praktik buruh paksa mereka.[1][2] Ia dilengserkan dengan sebuah kebangkitan pro-demokrasi[3] pada 1944, yang berujung pada Revolusi Guatemala selama sepuluh tahun.
| His Excellency Jenderal Divisi Jorge Ubico Castañeda | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Presiden Guatemala 21 | |
| Masa jabatan 14 Februari 1931 – 1 Juli 1944 | |
| Pendahulu | José María Reina |
| Pengganti | Federico Ponce Vaides |
| Wakil Presiden Pertama Guatemala ke-17 | |
| Masa jabatan 28 April 1922 – 28 April 1923 | |
| Presiden | José María Orellana |
| Pendahulu | José María Orellana |
| Pengganti | Margarito Ariza |
| Menteri Perang dan Kepala Kepolisian Guatemala | |
| Masa jabatan 10 Desember 1922 – 20 Desember 1923 | |
| Presiden | José María Orellana |
| Pendahulu | José Beteta |
| Pengganti | Mauro de León |
| Menteri Pengembangan CGuatemala | |
| Masa jabatan 2 Januari 1920 – 8 April 1920 | |
| Presiden | Manuel Estrada Cabrera |
| Pendahulu | Joaquín Méndez |
| Pengganti | Alberto Mencos |
| Pemimpin Partai Progresif Liberal Guatemala | |
| Masa jabatan 1926 – 1 Juli 1944 | |
| Pendahulu | Jabatan dibuat |
| Pengganti | Federico Ponce Vaides |
| Gubernur Retalhuleu | |
| Masa jabatan 27 Mei 1911 – 26 April 1915 | |
| Presiden | Manuel Estrada Cabrera |
| Gubernur Alta Verapaz | |
| Masa jabatan 19 April 1907 – 27 Mei 1911 | |
| Presiden | Manuel Estrada Cabrera |
| Kepala Komisi Kesehatan Pemerintah Guatemala | |
| Masa jabatan 1917–1919 | |
| Presiden | Manuel Estrada Cabrera |
| Pendahulu | Jabatan dibuat |
| Pengganti | Position abolished |
| Informasi pribadi | |
| Lahir | 10 November 1878 Guatemala City, Guatemala |
| Meninggal dunia | 14 Juni 1946 (umur 67) New Orleans, Louisiana, AS |
| Partai politik | Partai Progresif Liberal |
| Pasangan | Marta Lainfiesta (k. 1905–46); kematiannya |
| Profesi | Prajurit |
| Tanda tangan |  |
| Dinas militer | |
| Julukan | Nomor Lima Napoleon dari Amerika Tengah Makhluk dari Guacamolon |
| Pihak |  Guatemala |
| Dinas/cabang | Militer Guatemala |
| Masa dinas | 1896–1944 |
| Pangkat | General |
| Komando | Semuanya (komandan tertinggi) |
| Pertempuran/perang | Perang Totoposte (1903-06) Kudeta Guatemala 1921 |
Catatan dan referensiSunting
CatatanSunting
ReferensiSunting
- ^ Streeter 2000, hlm. 15–16.
- ^ Immerman 1983, hlm. 48–50.
- ^ Forster 2001, hlm. 89–91.
Daftar pustakaSunting
- Benz, Stephen Connely (1996). Guatemalan Journey. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70840-2.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (2008). Multinational Corporations, Totalitarian Regimes, and Economic Nationalism: United Fruit Company in Central America, 1899-1975. Business History. 50. hlm. 433–454. doi:10.1080/00076790802106315.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (2005). "Banana War Maneuvers". Harvard Business Review. 83 (11): 22–24.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Bucheli, Marcelo (Summer 2004). "Enforcing Business Contracts in South America: the United Fruit Company and the Colombian Banana Planters in the Twentieth-Century". Business History Review. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. 78 (2): 181–212. doi:10.2307/25096865. JSTOR 25096865.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (2006). "The United Fruit Company in Latin America: Business Strategies in a Changing Environment". Dalam Jones, Geoffrey; Wadhwani, R. Daniel. Entrepreneurship and Global Capitalism. 2. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar. hlm. 342–383.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (1997). "United Fruit Company in Colombia: Impact of Labor Relations and Governmental Regulations on its Operations, 1948-1968". Essays in Economic and Business History. 15: 65–84.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (2006). "United Fruit Company". Dalam Geisst, Charles. Encyclopedia of American Business History. London, England: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4350-7.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (2004). "United Fruit Company". Dalam McCusker, John. History of World Trade Since 1450. New York: Macmillan.
- De los Ríos, Efraín (1948). Ombres contra Hombres (dalam bahasa Spanish) (edisi ke-3rd). Mexico, D.F.: Fondo de cultura de la Universidad de México.
- Díaz Romeu, Guillermo (1996). "Del régimen de Carlos Herrera a la elección de Jorge Ubico". Historia general de Guatemala. 1993-1999 (dalam bahasa Spanish). 5. Guatemala: Asociación de Amigos del País, Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarrollo. hlm. 37–42.
- Gleijeses, Piero (1992). Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944-1954. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02556-8.
- Grandin, Greg (2000). The blood of Guatemala: a history of race and nation. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-2495-9.
- Forster, Cindy (2001). The Time of Freedom: Campesino Workers in Guatemala's October Revolution. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 9780822941620.
- Fried, Jonathan L. (1983). Guatemala in rebellion: unfinished history. Grove Press. hlm. 52.
- Friedman, Max Paul (2003). Nazis and good neighbors: the United States campaign against the Germans of Latin America in World War II. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 82–83. ISBN 9780521822466.
- Immerman, Richard H. (1983). The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292710832.
- Jonas, Susanne (1991). The battle for Guatemala: rebels, death squads, and U.S. power (edisi ke-5th). Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-0614-8.
- Krehm, William (1999). Democracies and Tyrannies of the Caribbean in 1940s. COMER Publications. ISBN 9781896266817.
- Loveman, Brian; Davies, Thomas M. (1997). The Politics of antipolitics: the military in Latin America (edisi ke-3rd, revised). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8420-2611-6.
- Martínez Peláez, Severo (1990). La Patria del Criollo (dalam bahasa Spanish). México: Ediciones En Marcha. hlm. 858.
- McCreery, David (1994). Rural Guatemala, 1760-1940. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804723183.
- Nuestro Diario (14 December 1930). "Noticias de primera plana". Nuestro Diario (dalam bahasa Spanish). Guatemala.
- Nuestro Diario (8 February 1931). "Noticias de primera plana". Nuestro Diario (dalam bahasa Spanish). Guatemala.
- Paterson, Thomas G.; et al. (2009). American Foreign Relations: A History, Volume 2: Since 1895. Cengage Learning. ISBN 0547225695.
- Rabe, Stephen G. (1988). Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807842041.
- Shillington, John (2002). Grappling with atrocity: Guatemalan theater in the 1990s. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. hlm. 38–39. ISBN 9780838639306.
- Streeter, Stephen M. (2000). Managing the counterrevolution: the United States and Guatemala, 1954-1961. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-89680-215-5.
- Time (29 December 1930). "Wrong horse No. 2". Time magazine. United States.
- Time (12 January 1931). "We are not amused". Time magazine. United States.
- Time (20 April 1931). "Died. General Lazaro Chacon, 56, President of Guatemala". United States.
Bacaan tambahanSunting
- Arévalo Martinez, Rafael (1945). ¡Ecce Pericles! (dalam bahasa Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional.
- Bucheli, Marcelo; Read, Ian (2006). "Banana Boats and Baby Food: The Banana in U.S. History". Dalam Topik, Steven; Marichal, Carlos; Frank, Zephyr. From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500-2000. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3766-9.
- Grieb, Kenneth J. (1979). Guatemalan Caudillo: The Regime of Jorge Ubico 1931–1944. Athens: Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-0379-6. OCLC 4135828.
- LaFeber, Walter (1993). Inevitable revolutions: the United States in Central America. W. W. Norton & Company. hlm. 77–79. ISBN 9780393309645.
- Samayoa Chinchilla, Carlos (1950). El Dictador y yo (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Guatemala City: Imprenta Iberia. OCLC 5585663.
| Jabatan politik | ||
|---|---|---|
| Didahului oleh: José María Reina Andrade (pelaksana jabatan) |
 Presiden Guatemala 1931–1944 |
Diteruskan oleh: Juan Federico Ponce Vaides |