Teori kritis (hubungan internasional)

Teori hubungan internasional kritis adalah serangkaian pemikiran dalam hubungan internasional (HI) yang mengkritik status quo teoretis, meta-teoretis dan/atau politis baik dalam teori HI maupun politik internasional dari sudut pandang positivis maupun pascapositivis. Kritik positivis meliputi pendekatan Marxis dan Neo-Marxis dan konstruktivisme sosial lama. Kritik pascapositivis meliputi pendekatan pascastrukturalis, pascakolonial, konstruktivis kritis, teori kritis (dalam artian terbatas seperti mazhab Frankfurt), neo-Gramscian, sebagian besar pendekatan feminis, dan sejumlah pendekatan mazhab Inggris, serta sosiologi historis non-Weber,^[1] sosiologi politik internasional, geopolitik kritis, dan "Materialisme Baru"^[2] (dipengaruhi oleh teori pelaku-jaringan). Semua pendekatan terakhir ini memiliki premis epistemologi dan ontologi yang berbeda dengan realisme dan liberalisme.

Teori-teori seperti ini sudah diakui secara luas, diajarkan, dan diteliti di berbagai universitas, tetapi belum populer di Amerika Serikat. Teori ini diajarkan di tingkat sarjana dan pascasarjana di universitas-universitas besar di luar Amerika Serikat. Mereka beralasan bahwa "disiplin HI yang tidak memandang ke depan akan mendorong perkembangan masyarakat sipil berkelanjutan di Amerika Serikat yang mau berpikir, merenungkan, dan menganalisis peristiwa-peristiwa internasional yang rumit melalui susunan lensa teori terbatas."^[3]

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Referensi sunting

^ See e.g. Stephen Hobden and John M. Hobson (eds.), Historical Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge University Press (2002).
^ See e.g. Iris van der Tuin and Rick Dolphijn, New Materialism: Interviews and Cartographies. Open Humanities Press (2012); Diana Coole and Samantha Frost (eds.), New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics. Duke University Press (2010); William E. Connolly, "The 'New Materialism' and the Fragility of Things", Millennium 41, 3 (2013).
^ Smith, Steve (2002). "The United States and the Discipline of International Relations: Hegemonic Country, Hegemonic Discipline?". International Studies Review. 4 (2): 67–86. doi:10.1111/1521-9488.00255.

Daftar pustaka sunting

Critical Theory and International Relations: A Reader, ed. Steven C. Roach, Routledge, 2007, ISBN 0-415-95419-3
Women, Culture, and International Relations (Critical Perspectives on World Politics) ed. By Vivienne Jabri, Eleanor O'Gorman, Lynne Rienner Publishers, US, 1999, ISBN 1-55587-701-X
Campell, David & George, Jim, 1990. ‘ Patterns of Dissent and the Celebration of Difference: Critical Social Theory and International Relations’, International Studies Quarterly Vol 34, 1990: 269-293.
Cox, Robert W, 2001. ‘The Way Ahead: Toward n New Ontology of World Order’, in Wyn Jones, Richard, ed, Critical Theory & World Politics. Boulder, Colorado: Lyenner Rienner.
Devetak, Richard, 2005. ‘Critical Theory’, in Burchill, Scott et al., Theories of International Relations, Third Edition. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
Jenny Edkins, Poststructuralism & International Relations: Bringing the Political Back in (Critical Perspectives on World Politics), Lynne Rienner Publishers, US, 1999, ISBN 1-55587-845-8
Cynthia Enloe, The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in a New Age of Empire (Paperback), University of California Press 2004, ISBN 0-520-24381-1
Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical Introduction to International Relations, Lynne Rienner Publishers, US, 1994, ISBN 1-55587-446-0
Emin Fuat Keyman, Globalization, State, Identity/Difference: Toward a Critical Social Theory of International Relations, Prometheus Books, 1997, ISBN 1-57392-605-1
Linklater, Andrew, 1986. ‘Realism, Marxism and critical international theory’, Review of International Studies Vol 12, 1986: 301-312.
Linklater, Andrew, 1992. ‘The Question of the Next Stage in International Relations Theory: A Critical-Theoretical Point of View’, Millennium Vol 21, No 1, 1992: 77-98.
Linklater, Andrew, 1996. ‘The achievements of critical theory’, in Booth, Ken, Smith, Steve & Zalewski, Marysia, eds, International Theory: Positivism and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Linklater, Andrew, 1997. ‘The transformation of political community: E.H.Carr, critical theory and international relations’, Review of International Studies Vol 23, 1997: 321-338.
Carne Ross, Independent Diplomat: Despatches from an Unaccountable Elite (Crisis in World Politics), C. Hurst & Co, 2007, ISBN 1-85065-843-9
Christine Sylvester, Feminist international relations: an unfinished journey. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 2002
Cynthia Weber, International Relations Theory. A Critical Introduction, 2nd edition, Taylor & Francis, 2004, ISBN 0-415-34208-2

[1] See e.g. Stephen Hobden and John M. Hobson (eds.), Historical Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge University Press (2002).

[2] See e.g. Iris van der Tuin and Rick Dolphijn, New Materialism: Interviews and Cartographies. Open Humanities Press (2012); Diana Coole and Samantha Frost (eds.), New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics. Duke University Press (2010); William E. Connolly, "The 'New Materialism' and the Fragility of Things", Millennium 41, 3 (2013).

[journal-3] Smith, Steve (2002). "The United States and the Discipline of International Relations: Hegemonic Country, Hegemonic Discipline?". International Studies Review. 4 (2): 67–86. doi:10.1111/1521-9488.00255.

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