Tekanan darah tinggi: Perbedaan antara revisi

| colspan=2 | Sources: ''Harrison's principles of internal medicine''<ref name="isbn0-07-147691-1">{{cite book |author=Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Braunwald, Eugene; Dennis L. Kasper; Hauser, Stephen L; Longo, Dan L. |editor= |others= |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine |edition= |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-07-147691-1 |doi= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> ''others''<ref name="pmid19417858">{{cite journal |author=Padwal RS |title=The 2009 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 1 – blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=279–86 |year=2009 |month=May |pmid=19417858 |doi= 10.1016/S0828-282X(09)70491-X|url= |pmc=2707176 |author-separator=, |author2=Hemmelgarn BR |author3=Khan NA |display-authors=3 |last4=Grover |first4=S |last5=McKay |first5=DW |last6=Wilson |first6=T |last7=Penner |first7=B |last8=Burgess |first8=E |last9=McAlister |first9=FA}}</ref><ref name="pmid18548142">{{cite journal |author=Padwal RJ |title=The 2008 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 1 – blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=455–63 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18548142 |pmc=2643189 |doi= 10.1016/S0828-282X(08)70619-6|url= |author-separator=, |author2=Hemmelgarn BR |author3=Khan NA |display-authors=3 |last4=Grover |first4=S |last5=McAlister |first5=FA |last6=McKay |first6=DW |last7=Wilson |first7=T |last8=Penner |first8=B |last9=Burgess |first9=E}}</ref><ref name="pmid17534459">{{cite journal |author=Padwal RS |title=The 2007 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 1 – blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=529–38 |year=2007 |month=May |pmid=17534459 |pmc=2650756 |doi= 10.1016/S0828-282X(07)70797-3|url= |author-separator=, |author2=Hemmelgarn BR |author3=McAlister FA |display-authors=3 |last4=McKay |first4=DW |last5=Grover |first5=S |last6=Wilson |first6=T |last7=Penner |first7=B |last8=Burgess |first8=E |last9=Bolli |first9=P}}</ref><ref name="pmid16755312">{{cite journal |author=Hemmelgarn BR |title=The 2006 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part I – Blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=573–81 |year=2006 |month=May |pmid=16755312 |pmc=2560864 |doi= 10.1016/S0828-282X(06)70279-3|url= |author-separator=, |author2=McAlister FA |author3=Grover S |display-authors=3 |last4=Myers |first4=MG |last5=McKay |first5=DW |last6=Bolli |first6=P |last7=Abbott |first7=C |last8=Schiffrin |first8=EL |last9=Honos |first9=G}}</ref><ref name="pmid16003448">{{cite journal |author=Hemmelgarn BR |title=The 2005 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: part 1- blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=645–56 |year=2005 |month=June |pmid=16003448 |doi= |url= |author-separator=, |author2=McAllister FA |author3=Myers MG |display-authors=3 |last4=McKay |first4=DW |last5=Bolli |first5=P |last6=Abbott |first6=C |last7=Schiffrin |first7=EL |last8=Grover |first8=S |last9=Honos |first9=G}}</ref>

Penanganan tipe pertama untuk hipertensi identik dengan menganjurkan perubahan gaya hidup yang bersifat pencegahan<ref name="npsppr">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/prescribing_practice_review/current/prescribing_practice_review_52 |title=NPS Prescribing Practice Review 52: Treating hypertension |date=September 1, 2010 |publisher=NPS Medicines Wise |accessdate=November 5, 2010}}</ref> dan meliputi perubahan diet<ref>{{cite journal|last=Siebenhofer|first=A|coauthors=Jeitler, K, Berghold, A, Waltering, A, Hemkens, LG, Semlitsch, T, Pachler, C, Strametz, R, Horvath, K|title=Long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in hypertensive patients|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-09-07|volume=9|pages=CD008274|pmid=21901719|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008274.pub2|editor1-last=Siebenhofer|editor1-first=Andrea}}</ref>, olah raga, dan penurunan berat badan. Semua perubahan ini telah terbukti menurunkan tekanan darah secara bermakna pada orang dengan hipertensi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Blumenthal JA |title=Effects of the DASH diet alone and in combination with exercise and weight loss on blood pressure and cardiovascular biomarkers in men and women with high blood pressure: the ENCORE study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=126–35 |year=2010 |month=January |pmid=20101007 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2009.470 |url= |author-separator=, |author2=Babyak MA |author3=Hinderliter A |display-authors=3 |last4=Watkins |first4=L. L. |last5=Craighead |first5=L. |last6=Lin |first6=P.-H. |last7=Caccia |first7=C. |last8=Johnson |first8=J. |last9=Waugh |first9=R.}}</ref> Jika hipertensi cukup tinggi dan memerlukan pemberian obat segera, perubahan gaya hidup tetap disarankan.

Berbagai program diiklankan dapat mengurangi hipertensi dan dirancang untuk mengurangi tekanan psikologis misalnya [[biofeedback]], relaksasi, atau meditasi. Namun, secara umum belum ada penelitian yang secara ilmiah mendukung efektivitas program ini, karena penelitian yang ada masih berkualitas rendah.<ref name="pmid19822104">{{cite journal |author=Greenhalgh J, Dickson R, Dundar Y |title=The effects of biofeedback for the treatment of essential hypertension: a systematic review |journal=Health Technol Assess |volume=13 |issue=46 |pages=1–104 |year=2009 |month=October |pmid=19822104 |doi=10.3310/hta13460 |url= |doi_brokendate=2010-08-21}}</ref><ref name="pmid18350109">{{cite journal |author=Rainforth MV, Schneider RH, Nidich SI, Gaylord-King C, Salerno JW, Anderson JW |title=Stress Reduction Programs in Patients with Elevated Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Curr. Hypertens. Rep. |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=520–8 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18350109 |pmc=2268875 |doi= 10.1007/s11906-007-0094-3|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ospina MB |title=Meditation practices for health: state of the research |journal=Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) |volume= |issue=155 |pages=1–263 |year=2007 |month=June |pmid=17764203 |doi= |url= |author-separator=, |author2=Bond K |author3=Karkhaneh M |display-authors=3 |last4=Tjosvold |first4=L |last5=Vandermeer |first5=B |last6=Liang |first6=Y |last7=Bialy |first7=L |last8=Hooton |first8=N |last9=Buscemi |first9=N}}</ref>

Hipertensi resisten adalah hipertensi yang terus berada di atas target tekanan darah, meskipun telah digunakan tiga obat antihipertensi sekaligus dari golongan obat antihipertensi yang berbeda. Pedoman pengobatan hipertensi resisten telah dipublikasikan di Inggris <ref name="NICE-BP">{{cite web| title=CG34 Hypertension - quick reference guide |publisher=[[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence]] |date=28 June 2006 |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg034quickrefguide.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-03-04}}</ref> and the US.<ref name="pmid18391085">{{cite journal |author=Calhoun DA |title=Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research |journal=Hypertension |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=1403–19 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18391085 |doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.189141 |author-separator=, |author2=Jones D |author3=Textor S |display-authors=3 |last4=Goff |first4=D. C. |last5=Murphy |first5=T. P. |last6=Toto |first6=R. D. |last7=White |first7=A. |last8=Cushman |first8=W. C. |last9=White |first9=W.}}</ref>

Pada 1995 diperkirakan 43 juta orang di Amerika Serikat mengalami hipertensi atau menjalani terapi antihipertensi. Angka ini mewakili hampir 24% dari populasi dewasa di AS.<ref name="pmid7875754">{{cite journal |author=Burt VL |title=Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991 |journal=Hypertension |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=305–13 |year=1995 |month=March |pmid=7875754 |doi= |url=http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7875754 |accessdate=2009-06-05 |author-separator=, |author2=Whelton P |author3=Roccella EJ |display-authors=3 |last4=Brown |first4=C |last5=Cutler |first5=JA |last6=Higgins |first6=M |last7=Horan |first7=MJ |last8=Labarthe |first8=D}}</ref> Jumlah hipertensi di Amerika Serikat meningkat dan mencapai 29% pada 2004.<ref name="pmid7607734"/><ref name="pmid17608879">{{cite journal |author=Ostchega Y, Dillon CF, Hughes JP, Carroll M, Yoon S |title=Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in older U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988 to 2004 |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=1056–65 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17608879 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01215.x}}</ref> Per tahun 2006 hipertensi menyerang 76&nbsp;juta orang dewasa di Amerika Serikat (34% dari populasi) dan kasus terbanyak terjadi pada orang dewasa ras Afrika-Amerika yakni sebesar 44%.<ref name =AHA2010 /> Penyakit ini lebih banyak dialami oleh penduduk asli Amerika dan lebih sedikit dialami oleh kelompok kulit putih dan [[ras Meksiko-Amerika]]. Jumlah ini meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia, dan lebih banyak ditemukan pada [[Amerika Serikat bagian tenggara]]. Hipertensi lebih banyak ditemukan pada laki-laki daripada perempuan (meskipun selisih tersebut cenderung menurun pada perempuan menopause) dan pada kelompok dengan [[status sosioekonomi]] rendah.<ref name="pmid10645931"/>

[[Berkas:HTNstudyupd.png|thumb|right|Grafik menunjukkan perbandingan prevalensi kesadaran, pengobatan dan pengendalian hipertensi antara empat penelitian [[National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey|NHANES]]<ref name="pmid7607734">{{cite journal |author=Burt VL |title=Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult US population. Data from the health examination surveys, 1960 to 1991 |journal=Hypertension |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=60–9 |year=1995 |month=July |pmid=7607734 |doi= |url=http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7607734 |accessdate=2009-06-05 |author-separator=, |author2=Cutler JA |author3=Higgins M |display-authors=3 |last4=Horan |first4=MJ |last5=Labarthe |first5=D |last6=Whelton |first6=P |last7=Brown |first7=C |last8=Roccella |first8=EJ}}</ref>]]

[[Berkas:HTNstudyupd.png|thumb|right|Grafik menunjukkan perbandingan prevalensi kesadaran, pengobatan dan pengendalian hipertensi antara empat penelitian [[National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey|NHANES]]<ref name="pmid7607734">{{cite journal |author=Burt VL |title=Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult US population. Data from the health examination surveys, 1960 to 1991 |journal=Hypertension |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=60–9 |year=1995 |month=July |pmid=7607734 |doi= |url=http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7607734 |accessdate=2009-06-05 |author-separator=, |author2=Cutler JA |author3=Higgins M |display-authors=3 |last4=Horan |first4=MJ |last5=Labarthe |first5=D |last6=Whelton |first6=P |last7=Brown |first7=C |last8=Roccella |first8=EJ}}</ref>]]