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== Nama ==
Ada beberapa pendapat tentang asal usul nama ''Irak''; - satu di antaranya berasal dari kota [[Uruk]] (atau Erech) dari masa Kerajaan [[Sumer]]. Pendapat lainnya mengatakan bahwa ''Irak'' berasal dari [[bahasa Aram]], yang berarti "tanah sepanjang tepian sungai." Pendapat lainnya mengatakan bahwa ''Irak'' adalah sebuah
Di bawah [[Dinasti Sassanid]] Persia, ada wilayah yang dinamai "Erak Arabi" yang merujuk ke bagian dari wilayah barat daya [[Kekaisaran Persia]], yang kini merupakan bagian dari Irak selatan. Al-Iraq adalah nama yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Arab sendiri untuk daerah ini sejak abad ke-6.
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{{main|Sumeria}}
[[Berkas:Milkau Oberer Teil der Stele mit dem Text von Hammurapis Gesetzescode 369-2.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Bagian atas dari stela [[Codex Hammurabi|aturan hukum]] [[Hammurabi]].]]
Secara historis Irak dikenal sebagai [[Mesopotamia]], yang secara harafiah berarti "di antara dua sungai " dalam [[bahasa Yunani]]. Tanah ini menjadi tempat kelahiran peradaban pertama dunia yang dikenal, budaya [[Sumeria]], diikuti dengan budaya [[Akkadia]], [[Babilonia]] dan [[Asyur]] yang pengaruhnya meluas ke daerah-daerah tetangganya sejak sekitar 5000 SM. Peradaban-peradaban ini menghasilkan [[tulisan]] tertua dan sebagian dari [[ilmu pengetahuan]], [[matematika]], [[hukum]] dan [[filsafat]] yang pertama di dunia, hingga menjadikan wilayah ini pusat dari apa yang umumnya dikenal sebagai "[[Buaian Peradaban]]". [[Peradaban]] Mesopotamia kuno mendominasi peradaban-peradaban lainnya pada zamannya.
Pada [[abad ke-6 SM]], wilayah ini menjadi bagian dari [[Kekaisaran Persia]] di bawah [[Koresy Agung]] selama hampir 4 abad, sebelum ditaklukkan oleh [[Alexander Agung]] dan tetap berada di bawah kekuasaan [[Kerajaan Makedonia]] selama hampir dua abad. Sebuah suku [[bangsa Iran]] dari Asia Tengah yang bernama [[Parthia]] kemudian merebut wilayah ini, diikuti dengan [[Dinasti Sassanid]] Persia selama 9 abad, hingga [[abad ke-7]].
Di awal [[abad ke-7]], [[Islam]] menyebar ke daerah yang sekarang bernama Irak. Sepupu sekaligus menantu [[Nabi Muhammad]] memindahkan ibukota di Kufah "fi al-Iraq" di mana ia menjadi [[Khulafaur Rasyidin]] yang ke-4. [[Bani Umayyah]] yang berkuasa dari [[Damaskus]] di abad ke-7 menguasai Provinsi Irak.
[[Baghdad]], ibukota [[Khilafah]] [[Abbasiyah]], adalah kota utama bagi dunia Arab dan Islam selama 5 abad.
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===British Mandate of Mesopotamia===
{{Main|British Mandate of Mesopotamia}}
At the end of World War I, the [[League of Nations]] granted the area to the United Kingdom as a [[League of Nations Mandate|mandate]]. It was formed out of three former [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ''[[vilayet]]s'' (regions): [[Mosul Province, Ottoman Empire|Mosul]], [[Baghdad Province, Ottoman Empire|Baghdad]], and [[Basra Province, Ottoman Empire|Basra]].
For three out of four centuries of [[Ottomans|Ottoman]] rule, the vilayets of Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra were administered from Baghdad. During the [[British Mandate of Mesopotamia|British mandate]], the country was ruled by British colonial administrators who used the British armed forces to put down rebellions against the government. They selected the [[Hashemite]] king, Faisal, who had been forced out of [[Syria]] by the French, to be their client ruler.Also, the government and ministries' officers were likewise appointed by the British authorities.They were selected according to belonging to the Sunni Arab elite in the region<ref>Tripp,Charles:''A History of Iraq'',Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000</ref>.
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===Republic of Iraq===
The reinstalled [[Hashemite]] monarchy lasted until 1958, when it was overthrown through a [[coup d'etat]] by the [[Iraqi Army]], known as the [[14 July Revolution]]. The coup brought [[Brigadier General]] [[Abdul Karim Qassim]] to power. He withdrew from the [[Baghdad Pact]] and established friendly relations with the [[Soviet Union]] but his government lasted only until 1963, when it was overthrown by [[Colonel]] [[Abdul Salam Arif]]. Salam Arif died in 1966 and his brother, [[Abdul Rahman Arif]], assumed the presidency. In 1968, Rahman Arif was overthrown by the Arab Socialist [[Baath Party]]. This movement gradually came under the control of [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam Hussein al-Majid al Tikriti]] who acceded to the presidency and control of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), then Iraq's supreme executive body, in July 1979, killing off many of his opponents in the process. Many feel that all or at least some of these changes in the government beginning in [[1958]] were at least partially orchestrated by Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] as part of his goal to draw Iraq into the [[United Arab Republic]].
====Saddam Hussein====
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[[Berkas:Iraq map.png|thumb|right|200px|Peta Irak]]
{{utama|Politik di Irak}}<!--
Iraq was under [[Baath Party]] rule from 1968 to 2003; in 1979 [[Saddam Hussein]] took control and remained president until 2003 after which he was unseated by a US-led [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invasion]].
On [[October 15]], [[2005]], more than 63% of eligible Iraqis came out across the country to vote on whether to accept or reject the new [[Constitution of Iraq|constitution]]. On October 25, the vote was certified and the constitution passed with a 78% overall majority, with the percentage of support varying widely between the country's territories.<ref>Wagner, Thomas, (October 25, 2005), [http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1248677 <u>"Iraq's Constitution Adopted by Voters"<u>], ''ABC News'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> The new constitution had overwhelming backing among the Shia and Ķurdish communities, but was overwhelmingly rejected by Arab Sunnis. Three majority Arab Sunni provinces rejected it ([[Salah ad Din]] with 82% against, [[Ninawa]] with 55% against, and [[Al Anbar]] with 97% against).
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<li>[[Governorat At-Ta'mim|At Ta'mim]] (Kirkuk)
<li>[[Governorat As Sulaymaniyah|As Sulaymaniyah]]
||[[Berkas:IraqNumberedRegions.png|200px|right|Peta dengan angka-angka yang menunjukkan Governorat di Irak
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{{utama|Federalisme di Irak}}
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At 168,743 sq.mi (437,072 km²), Iraq is the 58th-largest country in the world, after [[Morocco]]. It is comparable in size to the US state of [[California]], and somewhat larger than [[Paraguay]].
Large parts of Iraq consist of [[desert]], but the area between the two major rivers ([[Euphrates]] and [[Tigris]]) is fertile, with the rivers carrying about 60 million cubic metres (78 million [[cubic yard|cu. yd]]) of [[silt]] annually to the [[River delta|delta]]. The north of the country is largely mountainous, with the highest point being a 3,611 metres (11,847 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) point, unnamed on the map opposite, but known locally as [[Cheekah Dar]] (black tent). Iraq has a small coastline with the [[Persian Gulf]]. Close to the coast and along the [[Shatt al-Arab]] (known as ''arvandrūd'': اروندرود among Iranians) there used to be marshlands, but many of these were drained in the 1990s.
The local [[climate]] is mostly [[desert]] with mild to cool winters and dry, hot, cloudless summers. The northern mountainous regions experience cold winters with occasional heavy snows, sometimes causing extensive flooding. The capital of [[Baghdad]] is situated in the centre of the country, on the banks of the Tigris. Other major cities include [[Basra]] in the south and [[Mosul]] in the north.
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== Demografi ==
{{main|Demografi Irak}}
Diperkirakan pada bulan Juli 2006 jumlah semua penduduk Irak ialah 26.783.383.
75-80% penduduk Irak adalah [[bangsa Arab]]; kelompok etnis utama lainnya adalah [[orang Kurdi|Kurdi]] (15-20%), [[orang Asiria|Asiria]], [[Orang Turkmen Irak|Turkmen Irak]] dll (5%), yang kebanyakan tinggal di utara dan timur laut negeri. Kelompok lainnya adalah [[orang Persia]] dan [[orang Armenia|Armenia]] (kemungkinan keturunan budaya Mesopotamia kuno). ±25.000–60.000 [[orang Arab Marsh]] tinggal di selatan Irak.
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Sumber: [[CIA World Fact Book]]: Syi'ah 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%
* [[Syi'ah]]: umumnya [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] dengan sebagian [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]] dan [[Kurdi Faili]] hampir semuanya adalah pengikut aliran [[Dua Belas Imam]]
* [[Sunni]]: terdiri dari orang-orang [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]] yang menganut [[Mazhab Hanafi]] dan orang-orang [[Kurdi]] yang memeluk [[Mazhab Syafi'i]]
Menurut kebanyakan sumber-sumber barat, mayoritas bangsa Irak adalah orang Arab [[Muslim]] [[Syi'ah]] (sekitar 60%), dan [[Sunni]] yang mewakili sekitar 40% dari seluruh populasi yang terdiri dari suku [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Kurdi]] dan [[Turkmen]]. Orang-orang Sunni menyangkal keras angka-angka ini, termasuk seorang bekas duta besar Irak <ref>[http://www.counterpunch.org/ziada12272006.html "Iraqis By the Numbers" oleh FARUQ ZIADA
== Budaya ==
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* [[Kuburan massal#Irak|Kuburan massal di Irak]]
==
<div class="references-small">
{{reflist}}
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=== Lainnya ===
* [http://www.juancole.com Juan Cole], a leading scholar and public intellectual
* [http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 The Ground Truth Project]
* {{wikivoyage|Iraq}}
* [http://www.epic-usa.org/ Education for Peace in Iraq Center (EPIC)]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060103215437/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE140082001?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIESIRAQ Amnesty International Report on Iraq]
* [http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ Coalition Provisional Authority] Now-defunct occupation authority; site is archived
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