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'''Edward Gough Whitlam''', [[Order of Australia|AC]], [[Queens Counsel|QC]] (lahir [[11 Juli]] [[1916]]),
Pada [[8 Mei]] [[2007]], ia memberi kesaksian di pengadilan dan menyatakan tidak mengetahui rencana perang integrasi Indonesia ke Timor Timur tahun 1975, dimana lima wartawan yang berbasis di Australia tewas. Ia memberi kesaksian selama tiga jam dalam penyidikan tewasnya [[Brian Peters]]. Dokumen rahasia Pemerintah Australia yang dikeluarkan tahun 2000 memperlihatkan, pemerintah sebelumnya tahu mengenai serangan Indonesia. Namun, Australia berdiam diri selama tiga hari sementara pasukan Indonesia bersiap untuk serangan.
Aktivis dan kerabat para wartawan yang tewas menuduh Whitlem menutup-nutupi informasi mengenai peristiwa itu demi menjaga hubungan [[Canberra]] dengan [[Jakarta]]. Ia juga menyatakan tidak ingat soal berita kawat dari [[Duta Besar Australia untuk Indonesia|Dubes]] Richard Woolcott pada 15 Oktober yang menyebutkan 4.000 pasukan Indonesia berkostum seperti pasukan anti-Fretilin akan digunakan dalam operasi.
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In the [[Australian general election, 1972|1972 elections]] he led the Labor Party into government after a period of 23 years of conservative government in Australia. He was [[Australian constitutional crisis of 1975|dismissed in 1975]] following a protracted constitutional crisis caused by a failure to pass [[Supply Bill]]s in the Australian Senate. He is the only Australian Prime Minister to be dismissed by the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]], using [[reserve powers]] . Although his government spent a relatively short time in office, many of the policies and institutions set up under it are still evident today, such as [[Medicare Australia|Medicare]]. Both his 'presidential' style of politics and his dramatic dismissal and subsequent [[Australian general election, 1975|1975 election loss]] still arouse intense passion and debate.
==Early life==
[[Image:EG Whitlam (AWM P04697-001).jpg|thumb|Pilot Officer Gough Whitlam in [[Cooktown, Queensland]] in 1944]]
Gough Whitlam was born in [[Kew, Victoria|Kew]], a suburb of [[Melbourne]]. His father, [[Fred Whitlam]], was a federal public servant who served as [[Commonwealth Crown Solicitor]]. Whitlam senior's involvement in human rights issues was a powerful influence on his son. Whitlam was educated at [[Sydney]]'s [[Knox Grammar School]] and at [[Canberra Grammar School]], where he became friends with [[Francis James]]. Whitlam then studied law at the [[University of Sydney]]. During the [[World War II|Second World War]] he served as a navigator in the [[Royal Australian Air Force|Royal Australian Air Force's]] [[No. 13 Squadron RAAF|No. 13 Squadron]], reaching the rank of Flight Lieutenant. He completed his studies after the war and was admitted to the [[New South Wales]] bar in [[1947]].
In 1942 Whitlam married Margaret Dovey, daughter of Judge [[Bill Dovey]], and had three sons and a daughter. [[Margaret Whitlam]] is known for having a sardonic wit equal to that of her husband and is a published author as well as a former champion swimmer. One of their sons, [[Nicholas Whitlam]], became a prominent banker and a controversial figure in his own right. Another, [[Tony Whitlam]], was briefly a federal MP and was appointed as a judge in 1993 to the [[Federal Court of Australia]], and later in 1994 a judge of the [[Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory|ACT Supreme Court]]. A third son, [[Stephen Whitlam]] (b. 1950), is a former diplomat.<ref>There is no official or academic biography of Gough Whitlam. Sources on his early life include Laurie Oakes and David Solomon, ''The Making of an Australian Prime Minister'', Cheshire 1973, and Laurie Oakes, ''Whitlam PM: A biography'', Angus and Robertson 1973. Whitlam has not published memoirs, but discusses his father's influence in Gough Whitlam, ''Abiding Interests'', University of Queensland Press, 1997</ref> Daughter Catherine Dovey (b. 1954) formerly served on the [[New South Wales]] [[Parole Board]].<ref>"[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/21/1077072890898.html?from=storyrhs Whitlam's daughter quits parole board]", ''[[The Sun-Herald]]'', [[22 February]] [[2004]].</ref>
==Early political career==
Whitlam's impetus to become involved in politics was the Chifley government's post-war referendum to gain increased powers for the federal government. He joined the [[Australian Labor Party]] in 1945 and in 1950 was a Labor candidate for the [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly]]: a contest he was later grateful to have lost. When [[Hubert Lazzarini]], the sitting member for the safe Federal electorate of [[Division of Werriwa|Werriwa]], died in 1952, Whitlam was elected to the House of Representatives at the by-election on [[29 November]] [[1952]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1952 By-election, Werriwa, NSW|publisher=[http://psephos.adam-carr.net/ Psephos - Adam Carr's Electoral Archive]|url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/1951/1952-werriwa-by.txt|accessdate=2006-07-11}}</ref>
Noted since his schooldays for his erudition, eloquence and incisive wit, Whitlam soon became one of the ALP's star performers. Widely acknowledged as one of the best political speakers and parliamentary debaters of his time, he was also one of the few in the ALP who could hold his own against [[Robert Menzies]] on the floor of the House.
After the electoral success of the [[John Curtin|Curtin]] and [[Ben Chifley|Chifley]] years, the 1950s were a grim and divisive time for Labor. The [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]-[[National Party of Australia|Country Party]] coalition government of Robert Menzies gained power in the [[Australian general election, 1949|election of 1949]] and governed for a record 23 years. Chifley died in June 1951. His replacement, [[H.V. Evatt|Dr H.V. Evatt]], lacked Chifley's conciliatory skills.
Whitlam admired Evatt greatly, and was a loyal supporter of his leadership, through a period dominated by the Labor split of 1955, which resulted in the Catholic right wing of the party breaking off to form the [[Democratic Labor Party]] (DLP). In 1960, having lost three elections, Evatt resigned, to be replaced by [[Arthur Calwell]], with Whitlam winning the election for deputy over veteran Labor MP [[Eddie Ward]]. Calwell came within a handful of votes of winning the [[Australian general election, 1961|1961 election]], but progressively lost ground from that time onward.
The ALP, having been founded as a party to represent the working classes, still regarded its parliamentary representatives as servants of the party as a whole, and required them to comply with official party policy. This led to the celebrated ''Faceless Men'' picture of 1963, which showed Calwell and Whitlam waiting outside a [[Canberra]] hotel for the decision of an ALP Federal Conference. Prime Minister Menzies used it to great advantage in the November 1963 election campaign, drawing attention to "the famous outside body, thirty-six 'faceless men' whose qualifications are unknown, who have no electoral responsibility."
Whitlam was quick to respond, and spent years struggling for party reform—at one stage, dubbing his opponents "the 12 witless men"—and eventually succeeded in having the secretive Labor Party National Conference turned into an open public forum, with state representatives elected in proportion to their membership, and with both state and federal parliamentary leaders being automatic members.
Through the 1960s, Whitlam's relationship with Calwell and the right wing of the party remained uneasy. Whitlam opposed several key Labor policies, including [[nationalisation]] of industry, refusal of state aid to religious schools, and Calwell's continued support for the [[White Australia Policy]]. His stances brought him into direct conflict with the ALP leadership on several occasions and he was almost expelled from the party in 1966 because of his vocal support for government aid to private schools, which the ALP opposed.
In January 1966, Menzies finally retired after a record term in office. His successor as Liberal Party leader, [[Harold Holt]], led the coalition to a landslide election victory in November on a pro-American, pro-[[Vietnam War]] policy. This crushing defeat prompted Calwell to step down in early 1967. Gough Whitlam then became Leader of the Opposition, narrowly defeating his rival, [[Jim Cairns]].
==Opposition leader==
Whitlam swiftly made his mark on the ALP, bringing his campaign for internal reform to fruition, and overhauling or discarding a series of Labor policies that had been enshrined for decades. The [[White Australia policy]] was dropped, Labor no longer opposed state aid, and the air of grim working-class puritanism that attended the Labor Party of the 1950s gave way to one that was younger, more optimistic, more socially liberal, more intellectual, and decidedly middle-class.
One of the first Australian politicians to realise and fully exploit the power of television as a political tool, Whitlam proved himself a formidable campaigner, winning two by-elections and then a 17-seat swing in the [[Australian general election, 1969|1969 election]], falling only four seats short of a majority. After Holt's disappearance in December 1967, the Liberal Party began to succumb to internal dissent. They first elected [[John Gorton]] as leader, then dumped him in favour of [[William McMahon]]. Whitlam quickly established an ascendancy, particularly over McMahon, said to be well past his political prime and lacked the on-screen charisma that Whitlam so obviously possessed.
Outside parliament, Whitlam concentrated on party reform and new policy development. He advocated the abolition of conscription and Australian withdrawal from the [[Vietnam War]], and in 1971 visited the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC), promising to establish diplomatic relations—much to the chagrin of McMahon, who attacked Whitlam for this policy, only to discover that President [[Richard Nixon]] was also working toward recognising the PRC. On [[2 December]] [[1972]], Whitlam led the ALP to its first electoral victory since 1946.
==Prime Minister==
Custom dictated that Whitlam should have waited until the process of vote counting was complete, and then call a Caucus meeting to elect his Ministers ready to be sworn in by the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]]. Meanwhile, the outgoing Prime Minister would remain in office as a [[caretaker]].<ref>As a matter of longstanding party policy, ALP Ministers are elected by the entire Parliamentary Party—the 'Caucus'—with the Prime Minister only having the power to assign portfolios. Liberal Prime Ministers, in contrast, have traditionally had the power to [[nomination|nominate]] their own Ministry.</ref> However, unwilling to wait, Whitlam had himself and Deputy Leader [[Lance Barnard]] sworn in as a two-man government as soon as the overall result was beyond doubt; they held all the portfolios between them (see [[First Whitlam Ministry]]). Whitlam later said: "The Caucus I joined in 1952 had as many [[Second Boer War|Boer War]] veterans as men who had seen active service in [[World War II]], three from each. The Ministry appointed on [[5 December]] [[1972]] was composed entirely of ex-servicemen: Lance Barnard and me."
Although Labor had a comfortable working majority in the House, Whitlam faced a hostile [[Australian Senate|Senate]], making it impossible for him to pass legislation without the support of at least one of the other parties – Liberal, Country, or DLP. (Senate elections at the time were not synchronised with House of Representatives elections: at the time Whitlam took office, half the Senate had been elected two years previously, the other half five years earlier.)
After 23 years of continuous conservative rule, the bureaucracy was unhelpful, and the conservative state governments were intractably opposed to reform. Nevertheless, Whitlam embarked on a massive legislative reform program. In the space of a little less than three years, the Whitlam Government established formal diplomatic relations with the [[People's Republic of China]];<ref>{{cite press release
| title = Joint communique establishing diplomatic relations between China and Australia
| publisher = Whitlam Institute (archived, originally published by the governments of Australia and the People's Republic of China)
| date = http://www.whitlam.org/collection/1972/1972_Joint_Communique.html
| url = http://www.whitlam.org/collection/1972/1972_Joint_Communique.html
| accessdate = 2006-07-14 }}</ref>
assumed responsibility for tertiary education from the states and abolished tertiary fees;<ref>{{cite web
| last = Whitlam
| first = Gough
| title = Speech transcript, Launch of Social Justice and Social Change Centre
| publisher = Whitlam Institute
| date = 2003-11-06
| url = http://www.whitlam.org/collection/2003/20031106_UWS_Social_Justice_Centre/index.html
| accessdate = 2006-07-14}}</ref>
cut tariffs across the board by 25% and abolished the Tariff Board;<ref>{{cite web
| coauthors = Whitlam, Gough and [[Jim Cairns|Cairns, Jim]]
| title = Tariff reduction
| work = Statement by the Prime Minister, Mr. E.G. Whitlam, Q.C., M.P., and by the Minister for Overseas Trade and Secondary Industry, Dr. J.F. Cairns, M.P.
| publisher = The Whitlam Institute (originally published by the Government of Australia)
| date = 1973-07-18
| url = http://www.whitlam.org/collection/1973/19730718_Tariff_Reduction/
| accessdate = 2006-07-14 }}</ref>
established the Schools Commission to distribute federal funds to assist non-government schools on a needs basis;
introduced a supporting benefit for single-parent families;
abolished the death penalty for federal crimes. It also reduced the voting age to 18 years;
abolished the last vestiges of the [[White Australia Policy]];
introduced language programs for non-English speaking Australians;
mandated equal opportunities for women in Federal Government employment;
appointed women to judicial and administrative positions;
abolished conscription;
set up the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee;
amalgamated the five separate defence departments;
instituted direct federal grants to local governments, and
established the [[Order of Australia]] (Australia's own honours system), as well as
improved access to justice for Indigenous Australians;
introduced the policy of [[Self-determination of Australian Aborigines|Self-determination]] for Indigenous Australians;
advocated land rights for Indigenous Australians;
increased funding for Indigenous Australian's welfare;
introduced the Multiculturalism policy for all new migrants;
established [[Legal Aid#Legal aid in Australia|Legal Aid]], and
increased funding for the arts.
The Senate resolutely opposed six key bills and twice rejected them. These were designed to:
* Institute a universal, free health insurance system to be known as [[Medibank]] (this occurred later under the Labor Hawke government, split in to [[Medibank Private]] and the publicly accessible [[Medicare (Australia)|Medicare]]).
* Provide citizens of the [[Australian Capital Territory]] and the [[Northern Territory]] with Senate representation for the first time (this occurred at this election anyway)[http://elections.uwa.edu.au].
* Regulate the size of House of Representatives electorates to ensure [[one vote one value]] (this also occurred later, as of the [[Australian general election, 1984|1984 federal election]] which also introduced [[Group voting ticket|Group ticket voting]] in the Senate).
* Institute government overseeing of exploitation of minerals and oil.
The repeated rejection of these bills provided a [[Constitution of Australia|constitutional]] trigger for a [[Australian electoral system|double dissolution]] (a simultaneous election for all members in both houses), but Whitlam did not decide to call such an election until May 1974. Instead he expected to hold an election for half the Senate. To improve his chances of winning control of the Senate, Whitlam offered the former DLP Leader, Senator [[Vince Gair]], the post of Ambassador to [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], thus creating an extra Senate vacancy in Queensland which Whitlam hoped Labor could win. This manoeuvre backfired, however, when the appointment became public before Gair had resigned from the Senate, and the Queensland Premier, [[Joh Bjelke-Petersen]], advised the [[Governor of Queensland]] to issue the writs for the Queensland Senate election before Gair's resignation could be obtained.
This "[[Gair affair]]" so outraged opponents of the Whitlam government that the Opposition Leader [[Billy Snedden]] threatened to [[Loss of Supply|block supply]] in the Senate, although he took no actual steps to do so. Whitlam, however, believing Snedden was unpopular with the electorate, immediately went to the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]], [[Paul Hasluck|Sir Paul Hasluck]], and obtained a double dissolution of both Houses for [[18 May]]. Whitlam went to the polls asking for a mandate to "finish the job", and the ALP campaigned on the slogan "Give Gough a Go". At the election the Whitlam government was re-elected, though with a reduced majority. The DLP lost all its seats, but Labor failed to win a majority in the Senate. The balance of power in the Senate was now held by two independent Senators. In the short term, this led to the historic [[Joint Sitting, Australian parliament, 1974|joint sitting]] of both houses, at which the six bills were passed. In the longer term, it contained the seeds of Whitlam's downfall.
In its second term, the Whitlam Government continued with its legislative reform program, but became embroiled in a series of controversies, including attempts to borrow large amounts of money from Middle Eastern governments (the "[[Loans Affair]]"). Whitlam was forced to dismiss Treasurer [[Jim Cairns]] and another senior minister, [[Rex Connor]], for misleading Parliament.
Emboldened by these events, a weak economy, and a massive swing to them in a mid-1975 by-election for the [[Tasmania]]n seat of [[Division of Bass|Bass]], the Liberal-Country Opposition, led by [[Malcolm Fraser]], argued that the Government's behaviour in breaching constitutional conventions required that it in turn attempt to breach one of the most fundamental, that the Senate would block [[Loss of Supply|Supply]] (that is, cut off supply of Treasury funds).
==East Timor==
In [[September 2000]] the Department of Foreign Affairs released previously secret files that showed that the Whitlam Labor government actively encouraged the [[Suharto]] regime in [[Indonesia]] to invade [[East Timor]] in 1975, [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/sep2000/timo-s18.shtml] a policy that led to the deaths of an estimated 200,000 Timorese people.[http://www.etan.org/et2005/january/01/04whitl.htm]
Two months after the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] military began to withdraw from East Timor, Whitlam, through his private secretary [[Peter Wilenski]] suggested to the Suharto regime that it launch undercover operations to ensure East Timor's incorporation into Indonesia. [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/sep2000/timo-s18.shtml]
Whitlam met Suharto in central [[Java]] in September 1974 and described East Timor as, "too small to be independent". An Indonesian general is quoted as saying that the September 1974 meeting, "crystallised Suharto's thinking on the matter". [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/sep2000/timo-s18.shtml]
The Indonesian invasion of East Timor resulted in the murder of the [[Balibo Five]], five Australian journalists Whitlam criticised as "foolhardy", and "the source of a long running media vendetta against Indonesia. [http://www.abc.net.au/am/stories/s182826.htm]
==The dismissal==
{{main|Australian constitutional crisis of 1975}}
[[Image:Gough on steps.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Gough Whitlam speaking on the steps of Parliament House, Canberra, following his dismissal.]]
The crisis of 1975 might not have occurred had the Senate as elected in 1974 maintained its member status. The crisis was precipitated by the Senate delaying the Whitlam government's money (Supply) bill. Although one of the two independents joined the Liberal Party, the other, [[Steele Hall]], was opposed to blocking supply, and this would have been sufficient to prevent such a course being followed. The change in the composition of the Senate which made the constitutional crisis of 1975 possible was brought about by two appointments to fill vacancies in the Senate, which under Section 15 of the Australian Constitution are made by the State Parliaments 'if sitting'; or by the State Governor 'with the advice of Executive Council'. Since the introduction of [[proportional representation]] for Senate elections in 1949, there was an unwritten informal convention that Senators who died or resigned should be replaced by a Senator of their own party, and until 1975 state governments had adhered to this convention. The actual convention, however, which was established in 1952 by Labor Premier Gair in Queensland when a Liberal senator died, was for the opposition to provide a list of three names and for the Premier to be able to select one of them.
In February 1975 the [[Premier of New South Wales]], [[Tom Lewis (Australian politician)|Tom Lewis]], broke the unwritten convention by appointing an independent Senator, [[Cleaver Bunton]], to replace the Attorney-General, Senator [[Lionel Murphy]], who had been appointed to the [[High Court of Australia]]. This appointment made no difference to the political situation, because it turned out that Bunton was opposed to blocking supply, but it provided a precedent for the Queensland [[National Party of Australia|National Party]] Premier, [[Joh Bjelke-Petersen]], when a Queensland ALP Senator, [[Bert Milliner]], died on [[30 June]]. As permitted by Section 15 of the Australian Constitution, Bjelke-Petersen refused to appoint the ALP's chosen replacement, Dr [[Mal Colston]], and asked Labor for three alternative nominations, as Gair had requested of them in 1952. Bjelke-Petersen said he had concerns over Colston's integrity, but Labor maintained that his real intention was to appoint a Senator who would support the blocking of supply and thus help bring down the Whitlam government.
When Labor insisted on nominating Colston, Bjelke-Petersen nominated [[Albert Field]], president of the Federated Furnishing Trades Union and an ALP member of thirty-eight years standing. Bjelke-Petersen maintained that he was therefore not breaking the convention. Under ALP rules, however, Field ceased to be an ALP member as soon as he accepted nomination against an endorsed Labor candidate. Field said that he was opposed to Whitlam's behaviour in office and that he had approached Bjelke-Petersen asking to be nominated to the vacancy. Labor maintained that in these circumstances Field was in effect an anti-Labor Senator and that Bjelke-Petersen had broken the convention. (Colston later entered the parliament in 1975 and resigned - as an Independent - under ignominious circumstances in 1999)
Field was granted leave from the Senate when High Court writs were filed challenging his eligibility to sit, on the grounds that he was in Crown employment at the time of his appointment. (Field had been employed by the Queensland Education Department, and although he had resigned the day before he was appointed, he was required by the Education Act to give three weeks' notice). But the change to the composition of the Senate was in any case decisive, because with Milliner's vote gone, the Opposition could pass Senate motions 30 votes to 29. Rather than blocking supply, they moved to delay consideration of the budget. This delay would have resulted in essential public services ceasing to function due to lack of money; that is to say Whitlam attempted to govern without supply and no government had ever attempted such a course of action (Weller & Smith, ''The Rise and Fall of Whitlam Labor'' - full citation below). Fraser warned that the bill would not be passed unless Whitlam called an early election. Whitlam was determined to face the Opposition down, and proposed to borrow money from the banks to keep the government running. He was confident that some of the more moderate Liberal Senators would back down when the situation worsened as appropriations ran out during November and December.
It is interesting to note that as soon as three weeks had expired from the date of his resignation, Field could have been returned to the Senate in a few minutes if his vote had been needed. Bjelke-Petersen could have prorogued the Queensland Parliament, Field could have then resigned his Senate seat (ending all question of his eligibility), and then the Queensland Governor would have appointed Field to hold the place under Section 15 of the Constitution until the Parliament resumed.
[[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] Sir [[John Kerr]] was also concerned about the legality of Whitlam's proposals for borrowing money, and to govern without Supply although the Solicitor-General and Attorney-General had carefully scurtinised them for legality.<ref>{{cite book | last = Freudenberg | first = Graham | title = ''A Certain Grandeur: Gough Whitlam in Politics'' | publisher = Sun Books | year = 1977 | id = ISBN 0333230019 | pages = p. 384}}</ref>
Kerr contacted the Chief Justice of the [[High Court of Australia]], the former Liberal Attorney-General [[Sir Garfield Barwick]], who gave Kerr private advice in a letter on 10 November which stated in part...
"...the Senate may not originate nor amend a money Bill... the Senate has constitutional power to refuse to pass a money Bill: it has power to refuse Supply to the government of the day...a Prime Minister who cannot ensure Supply to the Crown, including funds for carrying on the ordinary services of government, must either advise a general election...or resign." Barwick also added that the Governor General...'has constitutional authority to withdraw his commission as Prime Minister." (Barwick's advice to Kerr on 10 Nov 1975, in Hall & Ironmonger, ''The Makers and Breakers'' - full citation below)
Kerr was also advised, by New South Wales Governor [[Roden Cutler|Sir Roden Cutler]] that he must warn Whitlam of the possibility of his dismissal.
So on [[11 November]] [[1975]], Kerr in accordance with Section 64 exercised his power and revoked Whitlam's commission and installed Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister, with instructions to make no policy changes, no appointments, no dismissals and call an immediate federal election (Weller & Smith, 'The rise and fall of Whitlam Labor'). In a double irony, the Labor Senators were not advised of Whitlam's dismissal and at 2.15pm the Supply Bills were brought on and immediately passed, thus giving the caretaker, Fraser, the essential money bills to continue the business of government. At 2.45pm Fraser announced he was caretaker Prime Minister, had the Supply Bills passed and was going for a double dissolution. (Weller & Smith, 'The rise and fall of Whitlam Labor')
On hearing the proclamation dissolving Parliament, which ended with the traditional 'God Save the Queen', Whitlam delivered his famous impromptu address to the crowd that had gathered in front of the steps of [[Old Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]]. During the speech he famously labelled Fraser as "Kerr's cur" and told the crowd: "Ladies and gentlemen, well may we say 'God Save the Queen', because nothing will save the Governor-General."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozpolitics.info/topics/dismissal-speech.htm |title=Whitlam's speech |accessdate=2006-07-11 |date=1975-11-11|publisher=ozpolitics.info (Bryan Palmer)}}</ref>
In the House of Representatives, following Kerr's actions under Section 64, Whitlam moved a motion 'that this House expresses its want of confidence in the Prime Minister and requests Mr Speaker forthwith to advise His Excellency the Governor-General to call on me to form a government'. This vote of confidence in Whitlam was passed on party lines. This vote of confidence in Whitlam was delivered personally to Kerr by the Speaker of the House [[Gordon Scholes]], but Kerr refused to see the Speaker until after his Official Secretary had read the notice of double dissolution at Parliament House at 4.45pm. (Weller & Smith, Ibid.)
Many unions mobilised and prepared to strike but Trade Union President [[Bob Hawke]] called for unions not to be provoked. Although there were a number of public protests against Fraser during the campaign, the media (especially the [[Rupert Murdoch|Murdoch]] press, which had supported the ALP in 1972) had long since lost confidence in Whitlam, reporting a string of ministerial failures. This had a major influence on public opinion, signalled some months previously in the Bass by-election and the election resulted in a landslide win to the Coalition.
==The Whitlam Government assessed==
During its three years in power, the Whitlam government was responsible for a long list of legislative reforms, most of which still stand today. It replaced Australia's adversarial divorce laws with a new, no-fault system; acted to improve the position of women and the Aboriginal minority; introduced the [[Trade Practices Act 1974|Trade Practices Act]]; slashed tariff barriers; ended [[conscription]]; introduced a universal national health insurance scheme [[Medicare (Australia)|Medibank]], now known as Medicare; gave independence to [[Papua New Guinea]]; made all university education free to its recipients; introduced needs-based federal funding for private schools; established the long-awaited "third tier" in Australian radio by legislating for the establishment of community-based [[FM radio]] (commercial FM radio would be established under his successor Fraser); and established diplomatic and trade relations with the [[People's Republic of China]].
However Whitlam's critics point to substantial failings in his administration. The economy declined, with adverse balance of payments problems, high unemployment and (by Australian standards) very high inflation. External factors contributed heavily to this, in particular the [[1973 oil crisis]] and resulting higher world oil prices, and falling prices for Australian farm produce. But the Whitlam government's own economic policies—such as its controversial 1973 decision to reduce tariffs across the board by 25%—were also held partly responsible.
On social matters his reputation has been tarnished by his complicity in; refusing to act against the pro-separatist movement on Bouganville on 1 September 1975, just two weeks before PNG independence on 16 September 1975; allowing [[Indonesia]] to invade [[Portuguese Timor]] on 7 December 1975 and later annex the territory (although the invasion of [[Dili]] occurred the month after his dismissal, the "covert" military campaign across the Indonesian border had begun in October). Whitlam also refused to allow South Vietnamese refugees into the country following the fall of [[Saigon]] in 1975, concerned that these "yellow balts" would have anti-communist sympathies hostile to the [[Australian Labor Party]].
The autocratic Whitlam's "crash through or crash" style made many political enemies, and the various scandals afflicting the government cost it electoral support and momentum. His 'crash through or crash' style was also his achillies heel surrounding the lead-up to the dismissal (J. Walter, ''The Leader'' see full citation below)). Some Australians regarded his dismissal by the unelected Governor-General as an outrage, but the Australian electorate voted to replace the Whitlam government even so, and the Labor Party would not be a serious candidate for government again until Whitlam was replaced as leader.
Whitlam's style as leader was as much admired as it was reviled, and he could be arrogant, autocratic and elitist, but even his opponents acknowledged that he had few equals as a parliamentary performer, public speaker and debater, and he was renowned for his erudition and rapier wit, which he used to great effect against his opponents. However one of his major weaknesses was arguably his ability to choose his cabinet (although he was admittedly restricted to some degree by the ALP's factional nature and party structure) and it can be argued that his faith in appointees who later proved to be deeply flawed—especially Kerr, Connor and Cairns—contributed significantly to his eventual downfall.
The Whitlam Government was also greatly damaged by several highly-publicised scandals, most notably the disastrous "Iraqi Loans Affair" masterminded by [[Rex Connor]], the series of controversies over the questionable conduct of Treasurer and deputy party leader [[Jim Cairns]], and the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. However, the book by Whitlam, "The Truth Of The Matter", explains how he went through all the legal steps to gain revenue. The dismissal by Kerr was regarded by many ALP supporters as one of the only illegal things to happen while Whitlam was in office.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} The public distaste of what Kerr did was visible and audible whenever Kerr went anywhere. One example is that Kerr went to the theatre, only to be booed and hissed at while he was finding his seat.
==Out of office==
[[Image:goughandmark.jpg|thumb|250px|Gough Whitlam (right) at 88, with his then protégé, the former leader of the Australian Labor Party, [[Mark Latham]], at an election fundraising event in Melbourne, September 2004]]
Whitlam stayed on to fight the [[Australian general election, 1977|1977 election]]. Labor was defeated nearly as heavily as it had been in 1975. On election night he announced his immediate retirement as Leader of the Opposition, and he resigned from Parliament in 1978. After a few years as a travelling lecturer, he was appointed Australian Ambassador to [[UNESCO]] by the next Labor Prime Minister, [[Bob Hawke]]. Although Whitlam knew this was partly a ploy by Hawke to get him out of the country, he hugely enjoyed the [[Paris]] posting and made a great impression on other UNESCO delegates.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} He has published several volumes of memoirs.
The Labor historian [[Bob Ellis]] has described him as "the self-appointed deity of the Labor Party".{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The sole issue over which he has received sustained criticism from the left is his failure to oppose [[Indonesia]]'s plans to annex [[East Timor]], then [[Portuguese Timor]]. [http://www.newmatilda.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=166]
Whitlam turned 80 in 1996, but still made regular public appearances and continued to comment on some issues, notably [[republicanism in Australia|republicanism]]: in the 1999 [[referendum]], he campaigned together on this issue with his old enemy Fraser. He felt the Hawke government had wasted its opportunities to continue the Whitlam reform program, but was more enthusiastic about [[Paul Keating]]'s government. After 1996, he was scathingly critical of [[John Howard]], but also of [[Kim Beazley]], who was Labor leader from 1996 to 2001 – this feud apparently went back to Whitlam's dislike of Beazley's father ([[Kim Beazley, senior]]), who had been a minister in Whitlam's government.
Whitlam was delighted when his former research assistant and then-MP representing his old seat of Werriwa, [[Mark Latham]], was elected Labor leader on [[2 December]] [[2003]], exactly 31 years after Whitlam's own election as Prime Minister. By that time Whitlam, 87, was increasingly frail and usually appeared in public with a walking stick, but his ability and willingness to make outspoken comments had not diminished, and he spoke frequently in praise of Latham.
Latham's diaries, however, were published in September [[2005]], and included a claim that Whitlam had dismissively remarked to Labor MP [[Joel Fitzgibbon]] that he thought Latham—who had by then resigned as leader—should quit politics altogether. When Latham learned of the remark, he cut off all contact with his former mentor and described Whitlam's comment as "the cruellest cut of all". Whitlam subsequently claimed that he simply told Fitzgibbon he thought it was "unsustainable" for Latham to stay on as an MP because of his ill-health.
In April 2004, Whitlam spoke at a function marking the centenary of the [[Chris Watson|Watson Labor government]]. Later in the year he appeared at Labor events during the unsuccessful [[Australian legislative election, 2004|2004 federal election]] campaign, and appeared to be in good health.
In November 2005, he donated his letter of dismissal and his copy of the "It's time"<!--time or Time?--> campaign speech to the University of Western Sydney. A member of the [[Australian Fabian Society]], Whitlam was its President in [[2002]].
Whitlam has been a supporter of fixed parliamentary terms since his membership of a constitutional review committee in the 1950s. A week before his ninetieth birthday he accused the ALP of failing to press for this reform.<ref>{{cite news |first = Ryan|last = Emery|url = http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,19699587-2702,00.html
|title = Gough attack's ALP's aim as second best |publisher = [[The Australian]] |date = 2006-07-06| |accessdate = 2006-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=[[Michelle Grattan|Grattan, Michelle]]|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/07/07/1152240491091.html|title = Party hails Gough in his 10th decade|date = 2006-07-08|accessdate = 2006-07-11|publisher = [[The Age]]}}</ref>
==Honours==
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Gough inspiring another generation.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Whitlam delivering his speech at the 2007 ALP National Conference where he received life membership]] -->
Whitlam was appointed [[Queen's Counsel]] in 1962 and a Companion of the [[Order of Australia]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/|title=It's an Honour Website|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=2006-07-11}}</ref> In 2005 He was created an honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Melanesia by the Governor General of Papua New Guinea.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pnggossip.com/news/g050916.html | title = Papua New Guinea Gossip Newsletter | work = PNGGossip.com | accessdate = 31 December | accessyear = 2006}}</ref>
In 2006 he was awarded the Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] by the Emperor of Japan. [http://www.au.emb-japan.go.jp/e_web/Honours.htm]
Whitlam is an honorary Fellow of the [[Australian Academy of Humanities]].<ref name=whitintbio>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitlam.org/people/whitlam_gough.html|title=Hon E.G. Whitlam, AC QC|publisher=The Whitlam Institute (within the [[University of Western Sydney]])|accessdate=2006-07-11}}</ref>
He has been awarded [[honorary doctorates]] by the [[University of Sydney]], the [[University of Wollongong]], [[La Trobe University]] and the [[University of Technology, Sydney]].<ref name=whitintbio/>
In April 2007, Gough and Margaret Whitlam were made life members of the Australian Labor Party. This was the first time anyone had become life members at the the national level of the Party organisation.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Gough, Margaret Whitlam get ALP life membership |date=April 28, 2007. | publisher= | url =http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200704/s1908845.htm | work =ABC News Online | pages = | accessdate = 2007-04-28 | language = }}</ref>.
Whitlam has also been offered both a [[Companion of Honour]] (CH) and a position as a [[Privy Councillor]], but in keeping with his opposition to Imperial Honours, declined the offers. {{Fact|date=April 2007}}
==Further reading==
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:truthofthematter.jpg|thumb|right|170px|The Truth of the Matter (MUP Edition)]] -->
*Barry Cohen, ''Life With Gough'', Allen and Unwin, 1996
*Hugh Emy and others, ''Whitlam Revisited'', Pluto Press, 1993
*Gareth Evans and others, ''Labor and the Constitution 1972-1975'', Heinemann, 1977
*Richard Hall & John Ironmonger, ''The Makers and the Breakers: The Governor-General and the Senate vs the Constitution'', Wellington Lane Press, Sydney, 1976.
*Barwick's letter of advice to Kerr on 10 December 1975, in Hall and Ironmonger, ''The Makers and the Breakers'', pp. 204-05. (full citation below)
*Paul Kelly, ''Crash Through or Crash,'' Angus and Robertson, 1976
*Paul Kelly, ''November 1975'', Allen and Unwin, 1995
*John Kerr, ''Matters for Judgment'', Macmillan, 1978
*Graham Freudenberg, ''A Certain Grandeur'', Macmillan, 1977
*Alan Reid, ''The Whitlam Venture'', Hill of Content, 1976
*John Walter, ''The Leader: A Political Biography of Gough Whitlam'', University of St. Lucia QLD, 1980.
*Patrick Weller & R.F.I. Smith, 'The Rise and Fall of Whitlam Labor: The policitcal context of the 1975 elections' in ''Australia at the Polls: The National Election of 1975'', ed. H.R. Penniman, American Enterprise Insitute for Public Policy Research, Washington, 1977, pp. 49-76.
*Gough Whitlam, ''On Australia's Constitution'', Widescope, 1977
*Gough Whitlam, ''The Truth of the Matter'', Penguin, 1979 (Reprint, Melbourne University Press, 2005)
*Gough Whitlam, ''The Whitlam Government'', Penguin, 1985
*Gough Whitlam and others, ''The Whitlam Phenomenon'', Penguin, 1986
*Gough Whitlam, ''Abiding Interests'', University of Queensland Press, 1997
-->
== Catatan dan Referensi ==
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== Pranala luar ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/meetpm.asp?pmId=21 Gough Whitlam] - Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
* [http://www.whitlam.org/ The Whitlam Institute]
* [http://www.naa.gov.au/the_collection/cabinet/1974_cabinet/1974_cabinet.html 1974 Cabinet Records] / National Archives of Australia
* [http://whitlamdismissal.com/ The Whitlam Dismissal - November 11, 1975]
* [http://www.saxton.com.au/default.asp?sd8=231 Gough Whitlam] - Exclusive to Saxton Speakers Bureau
* [http://www.australianbeers.com/culture/letter.htm Dismissal letter] - Copy of dismissal letter
*[http://colsearch.nfsa.afc.gov.au/nfsa/search/summary/summary.w3p;adv=yes;group=;groupequals=;page=0;parentid=;query=Number%3A359336%20|%20Number%3A156392;querytype=;resCount=10 Gough Whitlam at the National Film and Sound Archive]
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