Kalender Yahudi: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

While calculations of days, months and years are based on fixed hours equal to ¹/₂₄ of a day, the beginning of each ''halachic'' day is based on the local time of [[sunset]]. The end of the Shabbat and other [[Jewish holiday]]s is based on nightfall (''Tzeth haKochabim'') which occurs some amount of time, typically 42 to 72 minutes, after sunset. According to Maimonides, nightfall occurs when three medium-sized stars become visible after sunset. By the 17th century this had become three second-magnitude stars. The modern definition is when the center of the sun is 7° below the geometric (airless) horizon, somewhat later than civil twilight at 6°. The beginning of the daytime portion of each day is determined both by dawn and [[sunrise]]. Most ''halachic'' times are based on some combination of these four times and vary from day to day throughout the year and also vary significantly depending on location. The daytime hours are often divided into ''Sha`oth Zemaniyoth'' or "Halachic hours" by taking the time between sunrise and sunset or between dawn and nightfall and dividing it into 12 equal hours. The nighttime hours are similarly divided into 12 equal portions, albeit a different amount of time than the "hours" of the daytime. The earliest and latest times for [[Jewish services]], the latest time to eat [[Chametz]] on the day before [[Passover]] and many other rules are based on ''Sha`oth Zemaniyoth''. For convenience, the modern day using ''Sha`oth Zemaniyoth'' is often discussed as if sunset were at 6:00pm, sunrise at 6:00am and each hour were equal to a fixed hour. For example, ''halachic'' noon may be after 1:00pm in some areas during [[daylight saving time]]. Within the [[Mishnah]], however, the numbering of the hours starts with the "first" hour after the start of the day.<ref>See, for example, [[Berakhoth (Talmud)|Berachot]] chapter 1, Mishnah 2.</ref>

== Minggu ==

'''Shevua''' [שבוע] adalah siklus mingguan yang terdiri atas tujuh hari, serupa dengan tujuh hari penciptaan dalam [[Kitab Kejadian]] di mana dunia dan isinya diciptakan. Nama-nama hari dalam minggu, sebagaimana yang tercatat dalam [[Kitab Kejadian]] adalah sekedar bilangan 1 sampai 7 dengan [[Sabat]] sebagai hari ketujuh. Setiap hari dalam seminggu dihitung mulai dari matahari terbenam sampai ke matahari terbenam berikutnya dan ditetapkan secara lokal.

In Hebrew, the word ''Shabbat'' ({{hebrew|שַׁבָּת}}) can also mean "(Talmudic) week",<ref>For example, according to [http://milon.morfix.co.il/default.aspx?q=שבת Morfix מילון מורפיקס, Morfix Dictionary], which is based upon Prof. [[Yaakov Choeka]]'s [[Rav Milim]] dictionary. But the word meaning a non-Talmudic week is שָׁבוּע ''(shavuʻa)'', according to the same "מילון מורפיקס".</ref> so that in ritual liturgy a phrase like "Yom Reviʻi bəShabbat" means "the fourth day in the week".<ref>For example, when referring to the daily psalm recited in the morning prayer ([[Jewish services#Shacharit: morning prayers|Shacharit]]).</ref>

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|+ '''Nama-nama bulan dalam kalender Yahudi'''<ref name="Hari Raya Liturgi"/>