Kalender Yahudi: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Pada tahun [[358]], [[Hillel II]] mengajukan sebuah kalender permanen yang didasarkan pada perhitungan astronomi.<ref name="Encyclopedia3">{{en}}R.J. Zwi Werblowsky dan Geoffry Wigoder.1997.''The Oxford Dictionary of The Jewish Religion. New York : Oxford University Press. hlm.145-146</ref>
== Hari dan Jam ==
{{further|Zmanim}}
Satu hari dalam budaya Yahudi tidak mempunyai panjang yang tetap. Perhitungan hari didasarkan pada rujukan ayat [[Alkitab]] yaitu: "...[[Kejadian 1#Jadilah petang dan jadilah pagi|Jadilah petang dan jadilah pagi]]..."<ref>[[Kejadian 1#Ayat 5|Kejadian 1:5]]; {{Alkitab|Kejadian 1:8}}; {{Alkitab|Kejadian 1:13}}; {{Alkitab|Kejadian 1:19}}; {{Alkitab|Kejadian 1:23}}; {{Alkitab|Kejadian 1:31}}; dan {{Alkitab|Kejadian 2:2}}.</ref> pada kisah [[:en:Genesis creation narrative|Penciptaan]] yang ditulis pada [[Kitab Kejadian]][[Kejadian 1| pasal 1]][[Kejadian 2| dan 2]]. Menurut penafsiran rabinik klasik atas teks ini, maka satu hari Yahudi dimulai dari matahari terbenam (awal "petang") sampai matahari terbenam keesokan harinya. Faktor yang rumit adalah tidak adanya kepastian waktu matahari terbit dan terbenam pada garis lintang tinggi selama musim-musim tertentu. Pada musim panas di garis lintang tinggi, ketika matahari tidak pernah terbenam di bawah horizon, satu hari dihitung dari tengah hari ke tengah hari, sedangkan pada musim dingin, ketika matahari tidak pernah muncul di atas horizon, maka satu hari adalah dari tengah malam ke tengah malam berikutnya.
Dalam sejarah Yahudi tidak dikenal sistem jam, sehingga digunakan sistem jam umum yang dipakai di seluruh dunia dengan aturan wilayah waktu, waktu standar dan [[daylight saving]]. Sistem jam umum ini biasanya hanya menjadi rujukan, dalam istilah misalnya: "[[Sabat]] dimulai pukul ...". Perubahan teratur waktu terbenamnya matahari di seluruh dunia serta perubahan musim menghasilkan berubahnya panjang hari sepanjang tahun berdasarkan gejala astronomi yang teramati, dan bukan atas aturan buatan manusia.
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Instead of the [[international date line]] convention, there are varying opinions as to where the day changes. One opinion uses the [[antimeridian]] of [[Jerusalem]]. (Jerusalem is 35°13’ east of the [[prime meridian]], so the antimeridian is at 144°47' W, passing through eastern [[Alaska]].) Other opinions exist as well.<ref>See Willie Roth's essay [http://koltorah.org/ravj/The%20International%20Date%20Line%20and%20Halacha.htm The International Date Line and ''Halacha''].</ref><ref>"Appendix II: Baal HaMaor's Interpretation of 20b and its Relevance to the Dateline" in ''Talmud Bavli'', Schottenstein Edition, Tractate ''Rosh HaShanah'', Mesorah Publications Ltd. ("ArtScroll") 1999, where "20b" refers to the 20th page 2nd folio of the tractate.</ref>
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Setiap jam [[:en:Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement#Day|dibagi]] atas 1080 ''halakim'' (singular: ''[[helek]]'') atau "bagian". Satu bagian adalah 3⅓ [[detik]] atau <sup>1</sup>/<sub>18</sub> [[menit]]. <!--The ultimate ancestor of the helek was a small Babylonian time period called a ''barleycorn'', itself equal to <sup>1</sup>/<sub>72</sub> of a Babylonian ''time degree'' (1° of celestial rotation).<ref name=Neugebauer1>Otto Neugebauer, "The astronomy of Maimonides and its sources", ''Hebrew Union College Annual'' '''23''' (1949) 322–363.</ref> Actually, the barleycorn or ''she'' was the name applied to the smallest units of all Babylonian measurements, whether of length, area, volume, weight, angle, or time.
The weekdays start with Sunday (day 1, or ''[[Yom]] Rishon'') and proceed to Saturday (day 7), [[Shabbat]]. Since some calculations use division, a remainder of 0 signifies Saturday.
While calculations of days, months and years are based on fixed hours equal to <sup>1</sup>/<sub>24</sub> of a day, the beginning of each ''halachic'' day is based on the local time of [[sunset]]. The end of the Shabbat and other [[Jewish holiday]]s is based on nightfall (''Tzeth haKochabim'') which occurs some amount of time, typically 42 to 72 minutes, after sunset. According to Maimonides, nightfall occurs when three medium-sized stars become visible after sunset. By the 17th century this had become three second-magnitude stars. The modern definition is when the center of the sun is 7° below the geometric (airless) horizon, somewhat later than civil twilight at 6°. The beginning of the daytime portion of each day is determined both by dawn and [[sunrise]]. Most ''halachic'' times are based on some combination of these four times and vary from day to day throughout the year and also vary significantly depending on location. The daytime hours are often divided into ''Sha`oth Zemaniyoth'' or "Halachic hours" by taking the time between sunrise and sunset or between dawn and nightfall and dividing it into 12 equal hours. The nighttime hours are similarly divided into 12 equal portions, albeit a different amount of time than the "hours" of the daytime. The earliest and latest times for [[Jewish services]], the latest time to eat [[Chametz]] on the day before [[Passover]] and many other rules are based on ''Sha`oth Zemaniyoth''. For convenience, the modern day using ''Sha`oth Zemaniyoth'' is often discussed as if sunset were at 6:00pm, sunrise at 6:00am and each hour were equal to a fixed hour. For example, ''halachic'' noon may be after 1:00pm in some areas during [[daylight saving time]]. Within the [[Mishnah]], however, the numbering of the hours starts with the "first" hour after the start of the day.<ref>See, for example, [[Berakhoth (Talmud)|Berachot]] chapter 1, Mishnah 2.</ref>
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== Minggu ==
'''Shevua''' [שבוע] adalah siklus mingguan yang terdiri atas tujuh hari, serupa dengan tujuh hari penciptaan dalam [[Kitab Kejadian]] di mana dunia dan isinya diciptakan. Nama-nama hari dalam minggu, sebagaimana yang tercatat dalam [[Kitab Kejadian]] adalah sekedar bilangan 1 sampai 7 dengan [[Sabat]] sebagai hari ketujuh. Setiap hari dalam seminggu dihitung mulai dari matahari terbenam sampai ke matahari terbenam berikutnya dan ditetapkan secara lokal.
=== Nama-nama hari ===
[[File:Maurice Ascalon Shabbat Candle Sticks.jpg|right|thumb|Tempat lilin perunggu untuk hari Sabat yang dibuat di [[:en:Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate Palestine]] pada tahun 1940-an.]]
Kalender Yahudi mengikuti siklus tujuh hari yang berjalan seiring tetapi tidak berhubungan dengan siklus bulanan maupun tahunan. Nama-nama hari sekedar bilangan urutan hari dalam seminggu. Dalam [[bahasa Ibrani]], nama-nama ini dapat disingkat dengan menggunakan angka Ibrani ([[:en:Hebrew numerals|''numerical value'']]) yang diwakili oleh huruf-huruf tertentu, misalnya {{hebrew|יום א׳}} (''Hari 1'', atau [[Yom]] Rishon ({{hebrew|יום ראשון}})):
#Yom Rishon – {{hebrew|יום ראשון}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום א׳}}), artinya "hari pertama" [seiring dengan hari Minggu] (dimulai dari saat matahari terbenam hari Sabtunya)
#Yom Sheni – {{hebrew|יום שני}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום ב׳}}) artinya "hari kedua" [seiring dengan hari Senin]
#Yom Shlishi – {{hebrew|יום שלישי}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום ג׳}}) artinya "hari ketiga" [seiring dengan hari Selasa]
#Yom Reviʻi – {{hebrew|יום רביעי}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום ד׳}}) artinya "hari keempat" [seiring dengan hari Rabu]
#Yom Chamishi – {{hebrew|יום חמישי}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום ה׳}}) artinya "hari kelima" [seiring dengan hari Kamis]
#Yom Shishi – {{hebrew|יום ששי}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום ו׳}}) artinya "hari keenam" [seiring dengan hari Jumat]
#Yom Shabbat – {{hebrew|יום שבת}} (disingkat {{hebrew|יום ש׳}}), atau lebih sering disebut "[[Sabat]]" – {{Hebrew|שבת}} = "hari perhentian Sabat" [seiring dengan hari Sabtu].
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The names of the days of the week are modeled on the seven days mentioned in the [[Genesis creation myth|Creation]] story. For example, {{bibleverse||Genesis|1:5|HE}} "... And there was evening and there was morning, one day". ''One day'' ({{hebrew|יוֹם אֶחָד}}) in Genesis 1:15 is translated in JPS as ''first day'', and in some other contexts (including KJV) as ''day one''. In subsequent verses the Hebrew refers to the days using ordinal numbers, e.g., 'second day', 'third day', and so forth, but with the sixth and seventh days the Hebrew includes the definite article ("the").<ref>See {{bibleverse||Genesis|1:8|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Gen|1:13|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Gen|1:19|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Gen|1:23|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Gen|1:31|HE}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Gen|2.2|HE}}.</ref>
The Jewish [[Shabbat]] has a special role in the Jewish weekly cycle. There are many special rules which relate to the Shabbat, discussed more fully in the Talmudic tractate [[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]].
In Hebrew, the word ''Shabbat'' ({{hebrew|שַׁבָּת}}) can also mean "(Talmudic) week",<ref>For example, according to [http://milon.morfix.co.il/default.aspx?q=שבת Morfix מילון מורפיקס, Morfix Dictionary], which is based upon Prof. [[Yaakov Choeka]]'s [[Rav Milim]] dictionary. But the word meaning a non-Talmudic week is שָׁבוּע ''(shavuʻa)'', according to the same "מילון מורפיקס".</ref> so that in ritual liturgy a phrase like "Yom Reviʻi bəShabbat" means "the fourth day in the week".<ref>For example, when referring to the daily psalm recited in the morning prayer ([[Jewish services#Shacharit: morning prayers|Shacharit]]).</ref>
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== Nama-Nama Bulan ==
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