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Baris 1: {{Forms of government}} '''Aristokrasi''' ([[bahasa Yunani\|Yunani]] ἀριστοκρατία ''aristokratía'', dari ἄριστος ''aristos'' "excellent," dan κράτος kratos "kekuatan") adalah bentuk pemerintahan di mana kekuasaan berada di tangan kelompok kecil, yang mendapat keistimewaan, atau kelas yang berkuasa.<ref name=OED>{{cite journal \|last= \|first= \|authorlink= \|coauthors= \|date=December 1989\|title= Aristocracy\|trans_title= \|journal=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] \|volume= \|issue= \|pages= \|id= \|url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50011987?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=aristocracy&first=1&max_to_show=10\|accessdate=December 22, 2009\|quote= }} {{dead link\|date=November 2013}}</ref> Istilah ini berasal dari bahasa Yunani aristokratia, yang berarti "aturan yang terbaik".<ref>''The Oxford Companion to British History'', John Cannon (Editor), Oxford University Press, 1962, ISBN 978-0-19-866176-4</ref> Pada saat asal kata di Yunani Kuno, hal itu dipahami sebagai pemerintahan terbaik oleh warga yang memenuhi syarat dan sering kontras baik dengan bentuk [[monarki]], aturan satu individu. Di kemudian waktu, aristokrasi biasanya dilihat sebagai pemerintahan oleh kelompok istimewa, individu yang terbaik, kelas bangsawan, dan kontras dengan [[demokrasi]].<ref name=OED/> '''Aristokrasi''' berasal dari [[bahasa Yunani\|bahasa Yunani kuno]] ''aristo'' yang berarti "terbaik" dan ''kratia'' yang berarti "untuk memimpin". Aristokrasi dapat diterjemahkan menjadi sebuah sistem pemerintahan yang dipimpin oleh individu yang terbaik. ==Konsep== Konsep berkembang di Yunani Kuno, dimana sebuah dewan warga yang terkemuka yang umumnya diberi kuasa dan kontras dengan demokrasi langsung, di mana dewan warga laki-laki diangkat sebagai "senat" di sebuah negara kota atau unit politik lainnya. Orang Yunani tidak menyukai konsep [[monarki]], dan sebagai sistem demokrasi mereka yang jatuh, aristokrasi ditegakkan.<ref name="OED"/>{{qn\|date=November 2013}} Di Roma kuno, Republik terdiri dari aristokrasi serta konsul, senat, dan perkumpulan suku. Pada [[Abad Pertengahan]] dan awal era modern, aristokrasi terutama terdiri dari kelas bangsawan berpengaruh, mendapat keistimewaan karena keturunan dan sering dengan kekayaan yang dimiliki. Sejak [[Revolusi Perancis]], aristokrasi secara umum telah kontras dengan [[demokrasi]], dimana semua warga negara harus memegang beberapa bentuk kekuasaan politik. Namun, perbedaan ini sering disederhanakan. Dalam buku berjudul Leviathan, [[Thomas Hobbes]] menggambarkan aristokrasi sebagai persemakmuran di mana perwakilan dari warga adalah pengumpulan per bagian. Sederhananya, itu adalah pemerintahan dimana hanya bagian tertentu dari populasi umum yang dapat mewakili. Penggambaran modern dari aristokrasi cenderung menganggapnya bukan sebagai aristokrasi yang sah (pemerintahan oleh yang terbaik), melainkan sebagai plutokrasi (pemerintahan oleh orang kaya). Sebagai salah satu istilah bentuk pemerintahan, aristokrasi dapat dibandingkan dengan: Baris 10 ⟶ 19: * [[demokrasi]] - "pemerintahan oleh rakyat". ==Para pendukung aristokrasi== <!--The linguistic conflict between them began with the [[American Revolution]] ideal of all men being "created equal", quickly followed by the [[French Revolution]] (the first in [[Europe]]), and continued throughout the [[19th century]], occasionally flaring up in violent episodes such as the [[revolutions of 1848]]. Arguably, the end of the [[First World War]] in [[1918]] marked the final linguistic victory of "democracy" over "aristocracy" as a preferred term for government. * [[Aristotle]] * [[Anthony Ludovici]] * [[Charles Baudelaire]] * [[Julius Evola]] * [[Alexander Hamilton]] * [[Heraclitus]] * [[Theodor Herzl]] * [[D. H. Lawrence]] * [[Joseph de Maistre]] * [[Charles Maurras]] * [[Arthur Moeller van den Bruck]] * [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] * [[José Ortega y Gasset]] * [[~~Elite~~Plato]]▼ * [[Oswald Spengler]] * [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] * [[Nicolás Gómez Dávila]] * [[Hans-Hermann Hoppe]] * [[Montesquieu]] ==~~History~~ Lihat pula == * [[Khalifah]] The term "aristocracy" was first given in Athens to young [[citizens]] who led armies from the front line with their swords up. Since [[military]] bravery was such a highly regarded [[virtue]] in ancient Greece, the armies were being led by "the best". From the ancient Greeks, the term passed on to the European [[Middle Ages]] for a similar hereditary class of military leaders often referred to as the "[[Nobility#Western_nobility\|nobility]]". As in ancient Greece, this was a slave holding class of privileged men whose military role made them see themselves as the most "noble", or "best". Both aristocracies relied upon an established [[church]] to back up their claims of being "best" in the society. * [[Elitisme]] ==Catatan== ~~One of the key causes of the [[~~ {{reflist}} The French Revolution focused on aristocrats as people who had achieved their status by birth rather than by merit, such unearned status being considered an affront to the [[bourgeoisie]] and new [[liberalism\|liberal]] norms. The term thus became symbolic of people who claim luxuries and privileges as a birthright, rather than people who claim the chance to die on the front lines as a birthright, a far cry from the original meaning of the term. In the [[United Kingdom]] and other European countries in which [[hereditary titles]] are still recognized, "aristocrat" still refers to the descendant of one of approximately 7,000 families with hereditary titles, usually still in possession of considerable wealth, though not necessarily so. In the [[United States]] and other nations without a history of a hereditary military [[caste]], '''aristocracy''' has taken on a more stylistic meaning. It also can refer to those whose families came to the United States early on in its history. For example blue bloods or yankees from the northeast who over time have accumulated wealth by means of being upper class. In the American south, particularly in former Confederate states, the term southern aristocracy refers to those families that have been associated with the Civil and Revolutionary Wars and remain wealthy landowners to this day. In most cases, the usage is pejorative and refers to purveryors of [[snobbery]], but "aristocrat" can also refer to an elegant person with a gracious lifestyle and strong sense of duty. This last meaning can be seen as taking the term back to its original roots. ~~==See also==~~ ▲* [[Elite]] * [[High culture]] * [[Landed gentry]] * [[Upper class]] * [[White collar]] * [[Patrician]] ~~==Pranala luar==~~ [http://www.bbcfactual.co.uk/aristocracy.htm BBC series on recent history of European aristocracy] ~~==Further reading==~~ [[Max Beerbohm\|Beerbohm, Max]], ''Zuleika Dobson.'' Bence-Jones, Mark. ''The Viceroys of India''. Curzon family. Brough, James. ''Consuelo: Portrait of an American Heiress'' Consuelo Vanderbilt's marriage to the Duke of Marlborough. Marlborough family. Bush, Michael L. ''The English Aristocracy: a Comparative Synthesis''. Manchester University Press, 1984. Concise comparative historical treatment. Bush, Michael L. ''Noble Privilege''. (The European Nobility, vol. 1) Manchester University Press, 1983. Cannadine, David, 1998 ''Aspects of Aristocracy'' (series ''Penguin History'') ISBN 0-14-024953-2. Essays on class issues, aristocratic family norms, careers. Cannadine, David. ''The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy''. Yale University Press, 1990. Channon, Sir Henry. ''Chips: The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon'' Robert Rhodes James, editor. Excerpts from the diaries of a privileged observer, 1934–53. ''[[Country Life (magazine)\|Country Life]] Magazine'', Documenting houses, gardens, pictures, horses, local history, debutantes since 1897. [[E.M.Forster\|Forster, E. M., ''Howard's End]]''. [[John Galsworthy\|Galsworthy, John]]. ''The Forsyte Saga'' Girouard, Mark. ''Life in the English Country House : A Social and Architectural History'' Halperin, John. ''Eminent Georgians: The Lives of King George V, Elizabeth Bowen, St. John Philby, & Nancy Astor'' [[Henry James\|James, Henry]]. The novels. Jullian, Philippe. ''Prince of aesthetes: Count Robert de Montesquiou, 1855-1921''. Montesquiou family; the Decadent movement and the original of Proust's Baron de Charlus. Lacey, Robert. ''Aristocrats''. Little, Brown, 1983. Lovell, Mary S. ''The Sisters: The Saga of the Mitford Family''. Mitford, Jessica. ''Hons and Rebels''. ISBN 1-59017-110-1 [[Nancy Mitford\|Mitford, Nancy]], ''Love in a Cold Climate'' Montagu of Beaulieu, Lord (Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu). ''More equal than others: The changing fortunes of the British and European aristocracies''. St. Martin, 1970. Morton, Henry. ''The Rothschilds''. Nicholson, Nigel. ''Portrait of a Marriage : Vita Sackville-West and Harold Nicolson'' Pearson, John. ''The Sitwells: A Family's Biography'' Pine, Leslie G. ''Tales of the British Aristocracy''. Burke Publishing Co. 1956. Prochaska, F. K., editor, 2002. ''Royal Lives'' ISBN 0-19-860530-7 (''Lives'' series) Excerpted official biographies from the ''[[Dictionary_of_National_Biography]]'' Proust, Marcel, ''The Guermantes' Way''', ''Sodom and Gomorrah''. The closed circle of French aristocracy after 1870. Sutherland, Douglas, ''The Fourth Man: The story of Blunt, Philby, Burgess, and Maclean'' The double career of Sir Anthony Blunt, Keeper of the Queen's Works of Art and spy. ''[[The Tatler]]'' Magazine. [[Anthony Trollope\|Trollope, Anthony]] The Plantagenet Palliser series of Parliamentary novels. [[Evelyn Waugh\|Waugh, Evelyn]]. ''Brideshead Revisited'' Waugh, Evelyn, ''Decline and Fall.'' Winchester, Simon. ''Their Noble Lordships: Class and Power in Modern Britain''. Faber & Faber, 1981. BBC/PBS series, ''[[Upstairs, Downstairs]]'', ''[[The Jewel in the Crown]]'', ''[[Brideshead Revisited]]'', ''[[The Aristocracy: Born to Rule]] 1875-1914'' (1997) ~~Film: ''[[Gosford Park]]'', ''[[The Perfect Husband]]'', ''[[A Room with a View]]''-->~~ ~~== Lihat pula ==~~ * [[Bangsawan]] ==Referensi== ~~{{politik-stub}}~~ * ''History'', John Cannon (Editor), Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-19-866176-4 * ''Aristocracy in the Modern World'', Ellis Wasson, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 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