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[[image:Stanisław August Poniatowski.jpg|thumb|Stanisław August Poniatowski]]
 
'''Stanisław August Poniatowski''' (terlahir ''Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski''; [[17 Januari]] [[1732]]-[[12 Februari]] [[1798]]) adalah Raja terakhir [[Kerajaan Polandia-Lithuania]] ([[1764]]-[[1795]]). Ia adalah anak [[Stanisław Poniatowski (1676-1762)|Stanisław Poniatowski]], [[Castellan]] [[Kraków]] dan [[Konstancja Czartoryska]]. Ia turun tahta pada [[25 November]] [[1795]] setelah wilayahnya dicacah-cacah oleh [[Austria]], [[Prusia]], dan [[Rusia]]. Sebelumnya, ia berkuasa mulai [[7 September]] [[1764]] setelah terpilih sebagai raja pasca-kudeta keluarga Czartoryski, yang didukung tentara Rusia.
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His brother of [[Michał Jerzy Poniatowski]], [[primate (religion)|primate]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in Poland, and uncle of Prince [[Józef Poniatowski]].
 
== Royal titles ==
 
(English translation, from the Polish text of the May 3rd, 1791, Constitution:) ''Stanisław August, by the grace of God and the will of the people King of [[Poland]], Grand Duke of [[Lithuania]] and Duke of [[Ruthenia]], [[Prussia]], [[Masovia]], [[Samogitia]], [[Kiev]], [[Volhynia]], [[Podolia]], [[Podlachia]], [[Livonia]], [[Smolensk]], [[Severia]] and [[Chernihiv]].''
 
== Biography ==
 
Poniatowski was born in [[Wołczyn]], [[Belarus]]. By the age of twenty, in 1752, as a [[Sejm]] [[Chamber of Deputies|deputy]], Poniatowski had attracted attention with his oratory. He ultimately owed his career, however, to his uncles, the powerful Czartoryskis, who in [[1755]] sent him to [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia, in the suite of the [[Great Britain|British]] ambassador, Sir Charles Hanbury-Williams. There, through the influence of [[Russia]]n Chancellor [[A. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin]], he gained accreditation to the Russian court as ambassador of [[Saxony]]. Through Hanbury-Williams he met twenty-six-year-old Grand Duchess [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine]], who was irresistibly attracted to the handsome and brilliant young nobleman, for whom she forsook all other lovers.
[[Image:Portrait of King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski with an Hourglass.jpg|200px|thumb|left|''Portrait of King Stanisław August Poniatowski with Hourglass'' and crown, by [[Marcello Bacciarelli]], [[1793]], oil on canvas. National Museum, Warsaw.]]
After the [[Coup d'état]] of the Czartoryski [[Familia]], which was supported by Russian troops, he was elected on ([[September 7]], [[1764]]) as King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The coronation took place in [[Warsaw]] on [[November 25]], [[1764]]. The new King's uncles in the [[Familia]] would have preferred another nephew, Prince [[Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski]], on the throne but Czartoryski had declined to seek the office.
 
Stanisław August--as he now styled himself--or "Ciołek," as he was deprecatingly called by some contemporaries and later historians (after his [[Ciołek Coat of Arms]])--as King of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], which was at that time almost entirely controlled by the much more powerful neighboring powers (Russia and Prussia), remained at the mercy of circumstances. Nevertheless, in his difficult situation he strove to do his duty. He inaugurated some useful economic changes. He supported the [[Familia]]'s reform program until [[1766]], when he fell out with his uncles. As king, Poniatowski effectively supported the Russian army's crushing of the [[Bar Confederation]], between 1768-1772. On October [[22]], [[1770]], the [[Council of the Bar Confederation]] proclaimed him dethroned. Poniatowski was briefly a prisoner after being kidnapped by members of the Confederation in 1771, and held outside of Warsaw.
Although he protested the first [[Partitions of Poland|partition]] of the Commonwealth ([[1772]]), he was powerless to do anything about it, and in the face of implacable opposition from the Polish [[magnate]]s, he was obliged to place his reliance in Russia's German ambassador, [[Otto Magnus Stackelberg]]. Acting in concert with him, he hoped to strengthen his authority and bring about essential reforms. It was only during the [[Four-Year Sejm]] of [[1788]]-[[1792]] that he threw in his lot with the reformers, centered in the [[Patriotic Party]], and with them co-authored the [[Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791]].
 
Poniatowski's eloquent speech before the [[Sejm]] on taking an oath to uphold the newly adopted Constitution moved his audience to tears. Shortly thereafter, the [[Confederation of Targowica|Targowica Confederation]] was formed by Polish nobility to overthrow the Constitution. The confederates alligned with Russia's Catherine the Great, and the Russian army entered Poland, starting the [[Polish-Russian War of 1792]]. After a series of battles, Poniatowski, upon the advice of [[Hugo Kołłątaj]] and others, acceded to the Confederation. This undermined the operations of the Polish Army, which under [[Tadeusz Kosciuszko]] and the King's own nephew, Prince [[Jozef Poniatowski]], had been performing prodigiously on the battlefield.
The war was ended, and Russia and Prussia undertook the [[Partitions of Poland|Second partition of Poland]] in [[1793]].
[[Image:Porwanie SAP.JPG|266px|right|thumb|Kidnapping of Stanisław August 1771.]]
King Stanisław August remains a controversial figure. He was accused by some of striving for absolutism, of doing away with the liberties of the [[szlachta]] (Polish nobility), of desiring the downfall of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]; by others, of weakness and subservience, even of treason, especially after he had joined the [[Targowica Confederation]].
 
Nevertheless, he did accomplish much in the realm of culture and education. He founded the [[School of Chivalry]] (otherwise "[[Corps of Cadets]]"), which functioned [[1765]]-[[1794]] and whose alumni included [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]]; and the [[Commission of National Education]] ([[1773]]), the world's first national ministry of education. In [[1765]] he helped found the ''[[Monitor (Polish newspaper)|Monitor]]'', the leading periodical of the [[Polish Enlightenment]], and the Polish national theater. He hosted his famous "[[Thursday dinners]]," the most brilliant social functions in the Polish capital. He supported the establishment of manufactures and the development of mining. He remodeled [[Royal Castle in Warsaw]], and erected the elegant [[Łazienki]] complex in Warsaw's most romantic park. He created a numismatic collection, a picture gallery, and an engravings room. His plan to create an even larger painting gallery in Warsaw was interrupted by the destruction of Poland; nonetheless, most of the paintings he had ordered can now be seen at the [[Dulwich Picture Gallery]] in [[London]].
 
[[Image:StAuPoniatowski.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Stanisław August Poniatowski, last elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.]]
 
After the final, Third [[Partitions of Poland|Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], Stanisław August was forced to [[abdication|abdicate]] ([[November 25]], [[1795]]) and left for St. Petersburg, Russia. There, a virtual prisoner, he subsisted on a pension from Catherine the Great and died deeply in debt. In [[1938]] his remains were transferred to a church at [[Voŭčyn|Wołczyn]], his birthplace, and in [[1995]], to [[St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw|St. John's Cathedral]] in Warsaw, where, on [[May 3]], [[1791]], he had celebrated the adoption of the Constitution he had co-authored.
 
==See also==
* [[History of Poland (1569-1795)]]
* [[History of philosophy in Poland#Enlightenment|History of philosophy in Poland]]
 
== References ==
* Jan Kibinski, ''Recollections of the Times of Stanislaw Augustus'' (in Polish), Krakow, 1899.
* ''Mémoires secrets et inédits de Stanislas Auguste'', Leipzig, 1862.
* ''Stanislaw and Prince Joseph Poniatowski in the Light of Their Private Correspondence'', in French, edited in Polish by Bronislaw Dembinski, L'viv, 1904.
* R.N. Bain, ''The Last King of Poland and His Contemporaries'', 1909.
* [[Adam Zamoyski]], ''The Polish Way: a Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture'', New York, Hippocrene Books, 1994.
* Adam Zamoyski, ''Last King of Poland'', New York, Hippocrene Books, 1997.
* Poniatowski's diaries and letters, held for many years in the Russian ministry of foreign affairs, appeared in the January 1908 ''Vestnik Evropy'' [News of Europe].
 
==External links==
*[http://www.poland.gov.pl/Stanislaw,August,Poniatowski,(1732-1798),1965.html Biography at www.poland.gov.pl]
*[http://gnu.univ.gda.pl/~emcz/stanaugust.html Stanisław August w Gdańsku]
 
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[[Category:Lithuanian rulers]]
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