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Of the 476 non-Christian manuscripts dated to the 2nd century, 97% of the manuscripts are in the form of [[scrolls]]; however, the 8 Christian manuscripts are [[codex|codices]]. In fact, most New Testament manuscripts are codices. The adaptation of the codex form in non-Christian text did not become dominant until the 4th and 5th centuries, showing a preference for that form amongst early Christians.<ref>[http://www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/codex.html Seid]</ref> The considerable length of some New Testament books (such as the [[Pauline epistles]]), and the New Testament itself, was not suited to the limited space available on a single scroll; in contrast a codex could be expanded to hundreds of pages.
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[[Image:BookOfDurrowBeginMarkGospel.jpg|thumb|leftright|Permulaan [[Injil Markus]] dari [[Kitab Durrow]].]]
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===Script and other features===
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[[File:SinopeGospelsFolio29rChristHealingBlind.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sebuah halaman dari [[Sinope Gospels]]. Gambar miniatur di bawah menunjukkan [[Yesus]] menyembuhkan orang buta.]]
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[[Desiderius Erasmus]] compiledmenyunting theedisi firstcetak printedpertama editionPerjanjian ofBaru thedalam Greekbahasa NewYunani Testamentpada intahun 1516, basingmendasarkan hiskaryanya workpada onbeberapa severalnaskah manuscriptskarena becausedia hetidak didmemiliki notkarya havetunggal ayang singlelengkap completedan workkarena andsetiap becausenaskah eachmengadung manuscriptkesalahan-kesalahan had small errorskecil. In thePada 18thabad centuryke-18, [[Johann Jakob Wettstein]] wasadalah onesalah ofsatu thepakar firstAlkitab biblicalpertama scholarsyang tomulai startmembuat catalogingkatalog biblicalnaskah-naskah manuscriptsAlkitab. HeIa dividedmembagi thenaskah-naskah manuscriptstersebut basedberdasarkan onbentuk the writing usedtulisannya ([[uncial]], [[minuscule]]) oratau format ([[Lectionary|lectionarieslektionari]] dan lain-lain) andserta basedberdasarkan on contentisi ([[GospelInjil]]s, [[Pauline epistles|PaulineSurat-surat lettersPaulus]], [[ActsKisah ofPara the Apostles|ActsRasul]] + [[GeneralSurat-surat epistlesAm]], anddan [[BookKitab of Revelation|RevelationWahyu]]). HeIa assignedmemberi thenomor uncialspada letterssetiap andsurat minusculesuncial anddan lectionariesminuscule numbersmaupun forleksionari eachuntuk groupingsetiap ofkelompok contentisi, which resultedsehingga insejumlah manuscriptsnaskah beingdiberi assignednomor theatau samekode letterhuruf oryang numbersama.<ref>Aland 1995, p. 72</ref>
Naskah-naskah yang memuat Perjanjian Baru secara lengkap, misalnya [[Codex Alexandrinus]] (A) dan [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus]] (C), kode-kode huruf ini dipakai dalam semua kelompok isi. Namun, untuk naskah kuno penting seperti [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209]] (B), yang tidak memuat Kitab Wahyu, huruf B juga dipakai untuk menandai sebuah naskah kuno Kitab Wahyu dari abad ke-10, sehingga menimbulkan kebingunan.
====Tischendorf ====
For manuscripts that contained the whole New Testament, such as [[Codex Alexandrinus]] (A) and [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus]] (C), the letters corresponded across content groupings. However, for a significant, early manuscript such as [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209]] (B), which did not contain Revelation, the letter B was also assigned to a later 10th century manuscript of Revelation, thus creating confusion. [[Constantin von Tischendorf]] found one of the earliest, nearly complete copies of the Bible, [[Codex Sinaiticus]], over a century after Wettstein's cataloging system was introduced. Because he felt the manuscript was so important, Von Tischendorf assigned it the Hebrew letter [[aleph]] (א). Eventually enough uncials were found that all the letters in the [[Latin alphabet]] had been used, and scholars moved on to first the [[Greek alphabet]], and eventually started reusing characters by adding a [[superscript]]. Confusion also existed in the minuscules, where up to seven different manuscripts could have the same number or a single manuscript of the complete New Testament could have 4 different numbers to describe the different content groupings.<ref>Aland 1995, pp. 72-73</ref> ▼
▲For manuscripts that contained the whole New Testament, such as [[ CodexKonstantin Alexandrinusvon Tischendorf]] (A)menemukan andsalah [[Codexsatu Ephraemi Rescriptus]]salinan ( Champir) , thelengkap letterstertua correspondedseluruh across content groupings. HoweverAlkitab, for a significant, early manuscript such as [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209Sinaiticus]] (B), whichlebih diddari notsatu containabad Revelation,setelah thesistem letterkatalog BWettstein was also assigned to a later 10th century manuscript of Revelation, thus creating confusiondiperkenalkan. [[Constantin vonKarena Tischendorf ]] foundmenganggap onenaskah ofitu thesangat earliestpenting, nearlyia completememberi copieskode of the Bible,dengan [[ Codexhuruf SinaiticusIbrani]] , over a century after Wettstein's cataloging system was introduced. Because he felt the manuscript was so important, Von Tischendorf assigned it the Hebrew letter [[ alephalef]] (א). <!-- Eventually enough uncials were found that all the letters in the [[Latin alphabet]] had been used, and scholars moved on to first the [[Greek alphabet]], and eventually started reusing characters by adding a [[superscript]]. Confusion also existed in the minuscules, where up to seven different manuscripts could have the same number or a single manuscript of the complete New Testament could have 4 different numbers to describe the different content groupings.<ref>Aland 1995, pp. 72-73</ref>
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====Von Soden====
[[Hermann, Freiherr von Soden]] publishedmenerbitkan asistem complexkatalog catalogingyang systemkompleks foruntuk manuscriptsnaskah-naskah inkuno pada tahun 1902-101910.<ref>Hermann von Soden, ''Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte'' 4 vols., Berlin: Glaue, 1902-1910.</ref> <!--He grouped the manuscripts based on content, assigning them a Greek prefix: δ for the complete New Testament, ε for the Gospels, and α for the remaining parts. This grouping, however, was flawed because some manuscripts grouped in δ did not contain Revelation, and many manuscripts grouped in α contained either the general epistles or the Pauline epistles, but not both. After the Greek prefix, Von Soden assigned a numeral that roughly corresponded to a date (for example δ1-δ49 were from before the 10th century, δ150-δ249 for the 11th century). This system proved to be problematic when manuscripts were re-dated, or when more manuscripts were discovered than the number of spaces allocated to a certain century.<ref>Aland 1995, pp. 40-41</ref>
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===={{anchor | Gregory-Aland}}Gregory–Aland====
[[Caspar René Gregory]] publishedmenerbitkan anothersistem catalogingkatalognya systempada intahun 1908 indalam karyanya ''Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments'',. whichSistem isini themasih system still indipakai usesampai todaysekarang.<!-- Gregory divided the manuscripts into 4 groupings: papyri, uncials, minuscules, and [[Lectionary|lectionaries]]. This division is partially arbitrary. The first grouping is based on the physical material ([[papyrus]]) used in the manuscripts. The second two divisions are based on script: uncial and minuscule. The last grouping is based on content: lectionary. Most of the papyrus manuscripts and the lectionaries before the year 1000 are written in uncial script. However, there is some consistency in that the majority of the papyri are very early because parchment began to replace papyrus in the 4th century (although the latest papyri dates to the 8th century). Similarly, the majority of the uncials date to before the 11th century, and the majority of the minuscules to after.<ref>Aland 1995, pp. 73-77</ref>-->
Gregory assignedmemberi thekode papyrisetiap anaskah prefixpapirus ofdengan awalan huruf '''P''', oftenseringkali writtenditulis indalam jenis tulisan ''[[blackletter]] script'' (<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>n</sup>), withdengan anomor superscriptyang numeral.ditulis Thedalam uncialsformat were''superscript''. givenUncials adiberi prefixawalan of the numberangka "0", anddan the established letters for thehuruf-huruf majornaskah manuscriptsutama weretetap retaineddipakai foruntuk redundancy (''i.e.redundancy'' (misalnya [[Codex Claromontanus]] is assigneddiberi bothkode '''06''' anddan juga '''D'''). TheNaskah-naskah minusculesminuscule werediberi givennomor plainbiasa. numbers,Leksionari anddiberi theawalan lectionaries were prefixed withhuruf '''''l''''', sering oftendalam writtenbentuk intulisan scripttangan ('''ℓ'''). [[Kurt Aland]] continuedmeneruskan pekerjaan Gregory's catalogingdalam workmenyusun throughkatalog thepada 1950stahun and1950-an dan beyondseterusnya. Because of thisKarenanya, thesistem numberingpenomoran systemini issering oftendisebut referred to assebagai "nomor Gregory-Aland numbers".<!-- The most recent manuscripts added to each grouping are <math>\mathfrak{P}</math>[[Papyrus 124|<sup>124</sup>]], [[Uncial 0318|0318]], [[Minuscule 2882|2882]], and ''ℓ'' 2281. Due to the cataloging heritage and because some manuscripts which were initially numbered separately were discovered to be from the same codex, there is some redundancy in the list (''i.e.'' the [[Magdalen papyrus]] has both the numbers of <math>\mathfrak{P}</math>[[Papyrus 64|<sup>64</sup>]] and <math>\mathfrak{P}</math>[[Papyrus 67|<sup>67</sup>]]).<ref>Aland 1995, pp. 73f</ref>
The majority of New Testament textual criticism deals with Greek manuscripts because scholars believe the original books of the New Testament were written in Greek. However, the text of the New Testament is also found, both translated in manuscripts of many different languages (called ''versions''), and quoted in manuscripts of the writings of the [[Church Fathers]]. In the [[critical apparatus]] of the [[Novum Testamentum Graece]], a series of abbreviations and prefixes designate different language versions (it for Old Latin, lowercase letters for individual Old Latin manuscripts, vg for [[Vulgate]], lat for Latin, sy<sup>s</sup> for [[Sinaitic Palimpsest]], sy<sup>c</sup> for [[Curetonian Gospels]], sy<sup>p</sup> for the [[Peshitta]], co for Coptic, ac for Akhmimic, bo for Bohairic, sa for Sahidic, arm for Armenian, geo for Georgian, got for Gothic, aeth for Ethiopic, and slav for Old Church Slavonic).<ref>NA<sup>27</sup> 1996, pp. 64*-76*</ref>
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