|
Sebagai pemegang jabatan [[princeps Senatus]], kaisar dapat membuka dan menutup setiap sesi [[senat]], menyusun agenda senat, membuat aturan untuk dipatuhi oleh senat, dan bertemu dengan [[duta besar]] asing atas nama senat. Menjabat sebagai [[pontifex maximus]] membuat kaisar menjadi pemimpin tertinggi keagamaan, memberikan dia wewenang untuk memimpin semua upacara keagamaan, menyucikan kuil, mengatur kalender Romawi (menambahkan atau menghapus hari jika diperlukan), menunjuk [[perawan vesta]] dan [[flamine]], memimpin [[Collegium Pontificum]] (perkumpulan pendeta), dan meringkas dogma agama Romawi.
==The Principate Period==
{{main|Principate}}
===Julio-Claudian dynasty===
{{main|Julio-Claudian dynasty}}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1200"
|-
!width="100"|Portrait
!width="200"|Name
!width="100"|Birth
!width="300"|Succession
!width="150"|Reign
!width="200"|Death
!width="150"|Time in Office
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Augustus of Rome.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Augustus]]''' <br> <small>IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS '''AVGVSTVS'''</small>
|September 23 63 BC, [[Rome]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Became ''de facto'' emperor as a result of the 'first settlement' between himself and the [[Roman Senate]].
|January 16, 27 BC – August 19, 14 AD
|August 19, 14 AD <br> [[Natural causes]].
|40 Years, 7 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Tiberius NyCarlsberg01.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Tiberius]]''' <br> <small>'''TIBERIVS''' IVLIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS</small>
|November 16 42 BC, [[Rome]]
|Son of [[Augustus]]'s wife [[Livia]] by a previous marriage; adopted son of [[Augustus]].
|September 18, 14 AD – March 16, 37 AD
|March 16, 37 AD <br> Probably natural causes, possibly assassinated by [[Caligula]]
|22 Years, 6 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Caligula - MET - 14.37.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Caligula]]''' <br> <small>'''GAIVS''' IVLIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS</small>
|August 31, 12 AD, [[Anzio|Antium]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|[[Tiberius]]'s great-nephew and adopted grandson; great-grandson of [[Augustus]].
|March 18, 37 AD – January 24, 41 AD
|January 24, 41 AD <br> Assassinated in a conspiracy involving senators and [[Praetorian Guard]]s.
|3 Years, 10 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Claudius crop.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Claudius]]''' <br> <small>TIBERIVS '''CLAVDIVS''' CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS</small>
|August 1, 10 BC, [[Lugdunum]], [[Gallia Lugdunensis]]
|Nephew of [[Tiberius]], brother of [[Germanicus]] and uncle of [[Caligula]]; proclaimed emperor by the [[Praetorian Guard]].
|January 25/26, 41 AD – October 13, 54 AD
|October 13, 54 AD <br> Probably poisoned by his wife [[Agrippina the Younger]], in favour of her son [[Nero]], possibly natural causes.
|13 Years, 9 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Nero 1.JPG|100px]]
| '''[[Nero]]''' <br> <small>'''NERO''' CLAUDIUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS GERMANICUS</small>
|December 15, 37 AD, [[Anzio|Antium]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Grandson of [[Germanicus]], nephew of Caligula, step- and adopted son of [[Claudius]]; great-great-grandson of [[Augustus]].
|October 13, 54 AD – June 9, 68 AD
|June 9, 68 AD <br> Committed suicide after being declared a public enemy by the Senate.
|13 Years, 8 Months
|-
|}
===Year of the Four Emperors and Flavian Dynasty===
{{main|Year of the Four Emperors|Flavian Dynasty}}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1200"
|-
!width="100"|Portrait
!width="200"|Name
!width="100"|Birth
!width="300"|Succession
!width="150"|Reign
!width="200"|Death
!width="150"|Time in Office
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Stockholm - Antikengalerie 4 - Büste Kaiser Galba.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Galba]]''' <br> <small>SERVIVS SVLPICIVS '''GALBA''' CAESAR AVGVSTVS</small>
|December 24 3 BC, Near [[Terracina]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Seized power after [[Nero]]'s suicide, with support of the Spanish legions
|June 8, 68 AD – January 15, 69 AD
|January 15, 69 AD <br> Murdered by [[Praetorian Guard]] in coup led by [[Otho]].
|7 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Oth001.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Otho]]''' <br> <small>MARCVS SALVIVS '''OTHO''' CAESAR AVGVSTVS</small>
|April 28, 32 AD, [[Ferentinum]], [[Etruria]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Appointed by [[Praetorian Guard]]
|January 15, 69 AD – April 16, 69 AD
|April 16, 69 AD <br> Committed suicide after losing [[Battle of Bedriacum]] to [[Vitellius]]
|3 months 1 day (91 days)
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Pseudo-Vitellius Louvre MR684.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Vitellius]]''' <br> <small>AVLVS '''VITELLIVS''' GERMANICVS AVGVSTVS</small>
|September 24, 15 AD, [[Rome]]
|Seized power with support of German Legions (in opposition to [[Galba]]/[[Otho]])
|April 17, 69 AD – December 20, 69 AD
|December 20, 69 AD <br> Murdered by [[Vespasian]]'s troops
|8 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Vespasianus01 pushkin edit.png|100px]]
|'''[[Vespasian]]''' <br> <small>TITVS FLAVIVS CAESAR '''VESPASIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|November 17, 9 AD, [[Falacrina|Falacrine]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Seized power with the support of the eastern Legions (in opposition to [[Vitellius]])
|July 1, 69 AD – June 24, 79 AD
|June 24, 79 AD <br> Natural causes
|10 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Titus of Rome.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Titus]]''' <br> <small>'''TITVS''' FLAVIVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS</small>
|December 30, 39 AD, [[Rome]]
|Son of [[Vespasian]]
|June 24, 79 AD – September 13, 81 AD
|September 13, 81 AD <br> Natural causes (Plague)
|2 years, 3 months
|-
|align="center"| [[Image:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|100px]]
|'''[[Domitian]]''' <br> <small>TITVS FLAVIVS CAESAR '''DOMITIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|October 24, 51 AD, [[Rome]]
|Son of [[Vespasian]]
|September 14, 81 AD – September 18, 96 AD
|September 18, 96 AD <br> Assassinated by court officials
|15 years
|-
|}
===Nervan-Antonian dynasty===
{{Main|Nervan-Antonian dynasty}}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1200"
|-
!width="100"|Portrait
!width="200"|Name
!width="100"|Birth
!width="300"|Succession
!width="150"|Reign
!width="200"|Death
!width="150"|Time in Office
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Nerva Tivoli Massimo.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Nerva]]''' <br> <small>MARCVS COCCEIVS '''NERVA''' CAESAR AVGVSTVS<small>
|November 8, 30 AD, [[Narni]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Appointed by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]]
|September 18, 96 AD – January 27, 98 AD
|January 27, 98 AD <br> Natural causes
|1 year, 4 months
|-
|align="center"| [[Image:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 336.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Trajan]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS VLPIVS NERVA '''TRAIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|September 18, 53 AD, [[Italica]], [[Hispania Baetica]]
|Adopted son and heir of [[Nerva]]
|January 28, 98 AD – August 7, 117 AD
|August 7, 117 AD <br> Natural causes
|19 years, 7 months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Bust Hadrian Musei Capitolini MC817.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Hadrian]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR PVBLIVS AELIVS TRAIANVS '''HADRIANVS''' AVGVSTVS <small>
|January 24, 76 AD, [[Italica]], [[Hispania Baetica]] (or [[Rome]])
|Adopted son and heir of [[Trajan]]
|August 11, 117 AD – July 10, 138 AD
|July 10, 138 AD <br> Natural causes
|21 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Antoninus Pius Glyptothek Munich 337.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Antoninus Pius]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR TITVS AELIVS HADRIANVS '''ANTONINVS''' AVGVSTVS '''PIVS'''</small>
|September 19, 86 AD, Near [[Lanuvium]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Adopted son and heir of [[Hadrian]]
|July 10, 138 AD – March 7, 161 AD
|March 7, 161 AD <br> Natural causes
|22 years, 7 months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Lucius Verus - MET - L.2007.26.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Lucius Verus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR '''LVCIVS''' AVRELIVS '''VERVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|December 15, 130 AD, [[Rome]]
|Adopted son and heir of [[Antoninus Pius]]; Co-emperor with [[Marcus Aurelius]] until death
|March 7, 161 AD – ? March 169 AD
|March 169 AD <br> Natural causes (Plague)
|8 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Marcus Aurelius Glyptothek Munich.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Marcus Aurelius]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR '''MARCVS AVRELIVS''' ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS</small>
|April 26, 121 AD, [[Rome]]
|Adopted son and heir of [[Antoninus Pius]]; Co-emperor with [[Lucius Verus]] until 169 AD
|March 7, 161 AD – March 17, 180 AD
|March 17, 180 AD <br> Natural causes
|19 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Commodus Musei Capitolini MC1120.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Commodus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS '''COMMODVS''' ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS <small>
|August 31, 161 AD, [[Lanuvium]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Natural son of [[Marcus Aurelius]]; joint emperor from 177 AD
|177 AD – December 31, 192 AD
|December 31, 192 AD <br> Assassinated in palace, strangled to death
|15 years,
|}
===Year of the Five Emperors & Severan dynasty===
{{main|Year of the Five Emperors|Severan dynasty family tree|}}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1200"
|-
!width="100"|Portrait
!width="200"|Name
!width="100"|Birth
!width="300"|Succession
!width="150"|Reign
!width="200"|Death
!width="150"|Time in Office
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Alba Iulia National Museum of the Union 2011 - Possible Statue of Roman Emperor Pertinax Close Up, Apulum.JPG|100px]]
|'''[[Pertinax]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR PVBLIVS HELVIVS '''PERTINAX''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|August 1, 126 AD, [[Alba (CN)|Alba]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Proclaimed emperor by [[Praetorian Guard]]
|January 1, 193 AD – March 28, 193 AD
|March 28, 193 AD <br> Murdered by [[Praetorian Guard]]
|3 months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:DidiusJulianusSest.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Didius Julianus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS '''DIDIVS''' SEVERVS '''IVLIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|133 or 137 AD, [[Milan]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Won auction held by the [[Praetorian Guard]] for the position of emperor
|March 28, 193 AD – June 1, 193 AD
|June 1, 193 AD <br> Executed on orders of the [[Roman Senate|Senate]]
|2 months 4 days (65 days)
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Septimius Severus busto-Musei Capitolini.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Septimius Severus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR LVCIVS '''SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS''' PERTINAX AVGVSTVS</small>
|April 11, 145 AD, [[Leptis Magna]], [[Africa Province|Africa]]
|Seized power with support of [[Pannonia]]n legions<ref name = "septimus">The other claimants for the throne in the [[Year of the Five Emperors]] were [[Pescennius Niger]] and [[Clodius Albinus]], supported by the Syrian and British legions respectively. Although not completely defeated until 197 AD, they were not formally accepted by the senate and were therefore not technically reigning emperors.
</ref>
|April 9, 193 AD – February 4, 211 AD
|February 4, 211 AD <br> Natural causes
|17 years, 10 months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Caracalla.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Caracalla]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR '''MARCVS AVRELIVS''' SEVERVS '''ANTONINVS''' PIVS AVGVSTVS</small>
|April 4, 188 AD, [[Lugdunum]], [[Gallia Lugdunensis]]
|Son of [[Septimius Severus]]; co-emperor with Severus from 198 AD; with Severus and [[Publius Septimius Geta|Geta]] from 209 AD until February 211 AD; co-emperor with Geta until December 211 AD
|198 AD – April 8, 217 AD
|April 8, 217 AD <br> Murdered by a soldier as part of a conspiracy involving [[Macrinus]]
|19 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Publius Septimius Geta Louvre Ma1076.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Publius Septimius Geta|Geta]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR PVBLIVS SEPTIMIVS '''GETA''' AVGVSTUS</small>
|March 7, 189 AD, [[Rome]]
|Son of [[Septimius Severus]]; co-emperor with Severus and [[Caracalla]] from 209 AD until February 211 AD; co-emperor with Caracalla until December 211 AD
|209 AD – December 26, 211 AD
|December 19, 211 AD <br> Murdered on the orders of [[Caracalla]]
|3 years
|-
|align="center"|[[File:055 Diadumenianus.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Macrinus]]''' <br> <small>MARCVS OPELLIVS SEVERVS '''MACRINVS''' AVGVSTVS PIVS FELIX</small> <br> <br> ''with'' <br>'''[[Diadumenian]]''' <br><small>MARCVS OPELLIVS ANTONINVS '''DIADUMENIANVS'''</small>
|c. 165 AD, [[Iol Caesarea]], [[Mauretania]]
|[[Praetorian Prefect]] to [[Caracalla]], probably conspired to have Caracalla murdered and proclaimed himself emperor after Caracalla's death; appointed his son [[Diadumenian]] junior emperor in May 217
|April 11, 217 AD – June 8, 218 AD
|June 8, 218 AD <br> Both executed in favour of [[Elagabalus]]
|1 year, 2 months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Elagabalo (203 o 204-222 d.C) - Musei capitolini - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto - 15-08-2000 .jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Elagabalus]]''' <br> <small>MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 203 AD, [[Emesa]], [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]]
|Grandson of [[Septimius Severus]]'s sister-in-law, alleged illegitimate son of [[Caracalla]]; proclaimed emperor by Syrian legions
|June 8, 218 AD – March 11, 222 AD
|March 11, 222 AD <br> Murdered by [[Praetorian Guard]]
|3 years, 9 months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Alexander severus.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Severus Alexander]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS '''SEVERVS ALEXANDER''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|October 1, 208 AD, [[Arqa|Arca Caesarea]], [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]]
|Grandson of [[Septimius Severus]]'s sister-in-law, cousin and adoptive heir of [[Elagabalus]]
|March 13, 222 AD – March 18, 235 AD
|March 18, 235 AD <br> Murdered by the army
|13 years
|}
===Emperors during the Crisis of the Third Century===
{{main|Crisis of the Third Century}}
{{main|Roman Emperor (Crisis of the Third Century)}}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1200"
|-
!width="100"|Portrait
!width="200"|Name
!width="100"|Birth
!width="300"|Succession
!width="150"|Reign
!width="200"|Death
!width="150"|Time in Office
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Maximinus Thrax Musei Capitolini MC473.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Maximinus Thrax|Maximinus I]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR GAIVS JVLIVS VERVS '''MAXIMINVS''' AVGVSTVS </small>
|c.[[173 AD]], [[Thrace]] or [[Moesia]]
|Proclaimed emperor by German legions after the murder of [[Severus Alexander]]
|March 20, 235 AD – June 238 AD
|June 238 AD <br> Assassinated by [[Praetorian Guard]]
|3 years, 3 month
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Gordian I Musei Capitolini MC475.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Gordian I]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS '''GORDIANVS''' SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 159 AD, [[Phrygia]]?
|Proclaimed emperor, whilst Pro-consul in Africa, during a revolt against [[Maximinus I|Maximinus]]. Ruled jointly with his son [[Gordian II]], and in opposition to Maximinus. Technically a usurper, but retrospectively legitimised by the accession of [[Gordian III]]
|March 22, 238 AD – April 12, 238 AD
|April 238 AD <br> Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of [[Gordian II]].
|21 days
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Sestertius Gordian II-RIC 0008.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Gordian II]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS '''GORDIANVS''' SEMPRONIANVS ROMANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 192 AD, ?
|Proclaimed emperor, alongside father [[Gordian I]], in opposition to [[Maximinus I|Maximinus]] by act of the Senate.
|March 22, 238 AD – April 12, 238 AD
|April 238 AD <br> Killed during the [[Battle of Carthage (238)|Battle of Carthage]], fighting a pro-[[Maximinus I|Maximinus]] army
|21 days
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Pupienus Musei Capitolini MC477.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Pupienus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS CLODIVS '''PVPIENVS MAXIMVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 178 AD, ?
|Proclaimed joint emperor with [[Balbinus]] by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] in opposition to [[Maximinus I|Maximinus]]; later co-emperor with Balbinus.
|April 22, 238 AD – July 29, 238 AD
|July 29, 238 AD <br> Assassinated by the [[Praetorian Guard]]
|3 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Balbinus Hermitage.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Balbinus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR DECIMVS CAELIVS CALVINVS '''BALBINVS''' PIVS AVGVSTVS</small>
|?
|Proclaimed joint emperor with [[Pupienus]] by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] after death of [[Gordian I]] & [[Gordian II|II]], in opposition to [[Maximinus I|Maximinus]]; later co-emperor with Pupienus and [[Gordian III]]
|April 22, 238 AD – July 29, 238 AD
|July 29, 238 AD <br> Assassinated by [[Praetorian Guard]]
|3 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Bust Gordianus III Louvre Ma1063.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Gordian III]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS '''GORDIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|January 20, 225 AD, [[Rome]]
|Proclaimed emperor by supporters of [[Gordian I]] & [[Gordian II|II]], then by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]]; joint emperor with [[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]] until July 238 AD.
|April 22, 238 AD – February 11, 244 AD
|February 11, 244 AD <br> Unknown; possibly murdered on orders of [[Philip the Arab|Philip I]]
|6 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Bust of emperor Philippus Arabus - Hermitage Museum.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Philip the Arab|Philip I]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS IVLIVS '''PHILLIPVS''' AVGVSTVS</small> <br> <br>''with'' '''[[Philippus II|Philip II]]'''
|c. 204 AD, [[Shahba]], [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]]
|[[Praetorian Prefect]] to [[Gordian III]], took power after his death; made his son [[Philippus II|Philip II]] co-emperor in summer 247 AD
|February 244 AD – September/October 249 AD
|September/October 249 AD <br> Killed in battle against [[Trajan Decius]], near [[Verona]]
|5 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Emperor Traianus Decius (Mary Harrsch).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Trajan Decius]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS '''DECIVS''' AVGVSTVS</small> <br> <br>''with'' '''[[Herennius Etruscus]]'''
|c. 201 AD, [[Budalia]], [[Lower Pannonia]]
|Governor under [[Philip the Arab|Philip I]]; proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions and defeated Philip in battle; made his son [[Herennius Etruscus]] co-emperor in early 251 AD
|September/ October 249 AD – June 251 AD
|June 251 AD <br> Both killed in the [[Battle of Abrittus]] fighting against the [[Goths]]
|2 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:082 Hostilianus.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Hostilian]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR CAIVS VALENS '''HOSTILIANVS''' MESSIVS QVINTVS AVGVSTVS</small>
|Rome
|Son of [[Trajan Decius]], accepted as heir by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]]
|June 251 AD – late 251 AD
|September/October 251 AD <br> Natural causes (Plague)
|4-5 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Ritratto di trebonianno gallo III sec. dc. 01.JPG|100px]]
|'''[[Trebonianus Gallus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR GAIVS VIBIVS '''TREBONIANVS GALLVS''' AVGVSTVS</small> <br> <br> ''with'' <br> '''[[Volusianus]]'''
|206 AD, [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Governor of [[Moesia Superior]], proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after [[Trajan Decius]]'s death (and in opposition to [[Hostilian]]); made his son [[Volusianus]] co-emperor in late 251 AD.
|June 251 AD – August 253 AD
|August 253 AD <br> Assassinated by their own troops, in favour of [[Aemilian]]
|2 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Aemilian1.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Aemilian]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS '''AEMILIVS AEMILIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 207 AD [[Africa Province|Africa]]
|Governor of [[Moesia Superior]], proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after defeating the [[Goths]]; accepted as emperor after death of [[Trebonianus Gallus|Gallus]]
|August 253 AD – October 253 AD
|September/October 253 AD <br> Assassinated by his own troops, in favour of [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]]
|2 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Aureus Valerian-RIC 0034.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS '''VALERIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 195 AD
|Governor of [[Noricum]] and [[Raetia]], proclaimed emperor by Rhine legions after death of [[Trebonianus Gallus|Gallus]]; accepted as emperor after death of [[Aemilian]]
|October 253 AD – 260 AD
|After 260 AD <br> Captured in [[Battle of Edessa]] against [[Sassanid Empire|Persians]], died in captivity
|7 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Gallienus.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Gallienus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS '''GALLIENVS''' AVGVSTVS</small> <br> <br>''with'' '''[[Saloninus]]'''
|218 AD
|Son of [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]], made co-emperor in 253 AD; his son [[Saloninus]] is very briefly co-emperor in c. July before assassination by [[Postumus]].
|October 253 AD – September 268 AD
|September 268 AD <br> Murdered at [[Aquileia]] by his own commanders.
|15 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Santa Giulia 4.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Claudius Gothicus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS AVGVSTVS </small>
|May 10, 213 AD/214 AD, [[Sirmium]]
|Victorious general at [[Battle of Naissus]], seized power after [[Gallienus]]'s death
|September 268 AD – January 270 AD
|January 270 AD <br> Natural causes (Plague)
|1 Year, 4 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Antoninianus Quintillus-s3243.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Quintillus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS QVINTILLVS AVGVSTVS </small>
|?, [[Sirmium]]
|Brother of [[Claudius Gothicus]], seized power after his death
|January 270 AD – 270 AD
|270 AD <br> Unclear; possibly suicide or murder
|Unknown
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Aureliancoin1.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Aurelian]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR LVCIVS DOMITIVS AVRELIANVS AVGVSTVS </small>
|September 9, 214 AD/215 AD, [[Sirmium]]
| Proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after [[Claudius II]]'s death, in opposition to [[Quintillus]]
|September(?) 270 AD – September 275 AD
| September 275 AD <br> Assassinated by [[Praetorian Guard]]
|5 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:EmpereurTacite.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Marcus Claudius Tacitus|Tacitus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS CLAVDIVS TACITVS AVGVSTVS </small>
|c. 200, [[Terni|Interamna]]
|Elected by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] to replace [[Aurelian]], after a short [[interregnum]]
|September 25, 275 AD – June 276 AD
|June 276 AD <br> Natural causes (possibly assassinated)
|9 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Antoninianus Florianus-unpub ant hercules.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Florianus|Florian]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVGVSTVS </small>
|?
|Brother of [[Tacitus]], elected by the army in the west to replace him
|June 276 AD – September? 276 AD
|September? 276 AD <br> Assassinated by his own troops, in favour of Probus
|3 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Probus Musei Capitolini MC493.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Marcus Aurelius Probus|Probus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS PROBVS AVGVSTVS </small>
|232 AD, [[Sirmium]]
|Governor of the eastern provinces, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions in opposition to [[Florian]]
|September? 276 AD – September/ October 282 AD
|September/ October 282 AD <br> Assassinated by his own troops, in favour of [[Carus]]
|6 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Antoninianus of Carus.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Carus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARVS AVGVSTVS </small>
|c. 230 AD, [[Narbo]]
|[[Praetorian Prefect]] to [[Marcus Aurelius Probus|Probus]]; seized power either before or after Probus was murdered
|September/ October 282 AD – late July/ early August 283 AD
|Late July/early August 283 AD <br> Natural causes? (Possibly killed by lightning)
|10-11 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:NumerianusAntoninianus.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Numerian]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS NVMERIANVS AVGVSTVS </small>
|?
|Son of [[Carus]], succeeded him jointly with his brother [[Carinus]]
|Late July/early August 283 AD – 284 AD?
|284 AD <br> Unclear; possibly assassinated
|1 Year
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Montemartini - Carino 1030439.JPG|100px]]
|'''[[Carinus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARINVS AVGVSTVS </small>
|?
|Son of [[Carus]], succeeded him jointly with his brother [[Numerian]]
|Late July/early August 283 AD – 285 AD
|285 AD <br> Died in battle against [[Diocletian]]?
|2 Years
|}
==The Dominate Period==
{{Main|Dominate}}
===Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty===
{{Main|Tetrarchy}}
{{Main|Constantinian dynasty}}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1200"
|-
!width="100"|Portrait
!width="200"|Name
!width="100"|Birth
!width="300"|Succession
!width="150"|Reign
!width="200"|Death
!width="150"|Time in Office
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Istanbul - Museo archeol. - Diocleziano (284-305 d.C.) - Foto G. Dall'Orto 28-5-2006.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Diocletian]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS '''DIOCLETIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. December 22, 244 AD, [[Salona]]
|Proclaimed emperor by army after death of [[Numerian]], and in opposition to [[Carinus]]; adopted [[Maximian]] as senior co-emperor in 286 AD
|November 20, 285 AD – May 1, 305 AD
|3 December 311 AD <br> Abdicated; died of natural causes in [[Split (city)|Aspalatos]]
|20 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Toulouse - Musée Saint-Raymond - Maximien Hercule1.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Maximian]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS '''MAXIMIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 250 AD, near [[Sirmium]], [[Pannonia]]
|Adopted as senior co-emperor ('Augustus') in the west by [[Diocletian]] in 286 AD
|April 1, 286 AD – May 1, 305 AD
|310 AD <br> Abdicated with [[Diocletian]]; twice tried to regain throne with, and then from [[Maxentius]]; captured by [[Constantine I]] and committed suicide at his behest
|19 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Const.chlorus01 pushkin.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius I Chlorus]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR GAIVS FLAVIVS VALERIVS '''CONSTANTIVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|March 31 c. 250 AD, [[Dardania (Europe)|Dardania]], [[Moesia]]
|Adopted as junior co-emperor ('Caesar') and heir by [[Maximian]] in 293 AD
|May 1, 305 AD – July 25, 306 AD
|306 AD <br> Natural causes
|1 year and 2 months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Romuliana Galerius head.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Galerius]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR '''GALERIVS''' VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 260 AD, [[Gamzigrad|Felix Romuliana]], [[Moesia Superior]]
|Adopted as junior co-emperor ('Caesar') and heir by [[Diocletian]] in 293 AD
|May 1, 305 AD – May 311 AD
|311 AD <br> Natural causes
|6 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Follis-Flavius Valerius Severus-trier RIC 650a.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Severus II]]''' <br> <small>'''FLAVIVS VALERIVS SEVERVS''' AVGVSTVS </small>
|?
|Adopted as junior co-emperor ('Caesar') and heir by [[Constantius I Chlorus]] in 305 AD; succeeded as Augustus in 306; opposed by [[Maxentius]] and [[Constantine I]]
|Summer 306 AD – March/ April 307 AD
|September 16, 307 AD <br> Captured by [[Maxentius]] and forced to commit suicide (or murdered)
|1 year
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Constantine I]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR FLAVIVS '''CONSTANTINVS''' VALERIVS AVGVSTVS </small>
|February 27 c. 272 AD, [[Naissus]], [[Moesia Superior]]
|Son of [[Constantius I Chlorus]], proclaimed emperor by his father's troops; accepted as Caesar (west) by Galerius in 306 AD; promoted to Augustus (west) in 307 AD by Maximian after death of [[Flavius Valerius Severus|Severus II]]; refused relegation to Caesar in 309 AD
|25 July 306 AD – May 22, 337 AD
|May 22, 337 AD <br> Natural causes
|31 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Maxentius02 pushkin.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Maxentius]]''' <br> <small>MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS '''MAXENTIVS''' AVGVSTVS </small>
|c. 278 AD, ?
|Son of [[Maximian]], seized power in 306 after death of [[Constantius I Chlorus]], in opposition to [[Flavius Valerius Severus|Severus]] and [[Constantine I]]; made Caesar (west) by Maximian in 307 AD after the death of Severus
|28 October 306 AD – October 28, 312 AD
|October 28, 312 AD <br> Died at the [[Battle of the Milvian Bridge]], against [[Constantine I]]
|6 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Daza01 pushkin.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Maximinus II]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR GALERIVS VALERIVS '''MAXIMINVS''' AVGVSTVS </small>
|November 20 c. 270 AD, [[Dacia Aureliana]]
|Nephew of Galerius, adopted as Caesar and his heir in 305 AD; succeeded as Augustus (shared with Licinius I) in 311 AD
|May 1, 311 AD – July/August 313 AD
|July/August 313 AD <br> Defeated in civil war against [[Licinius I]]; probably committed suicide thereafter
|2 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Aureus of Licinius.png|100px]]
|'''[[Licinius I]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR GAIVS VALERIVS '''LICINIVS''' AVGVSTVS </small> <br> <br> ''with'' <br> '''[[Valerius Valens]]''' <br> '''[[Sextus Martinianus|Martinian]]'''
|c. 250 AD, [[Felix Romuliana]], [[Moesia Superior]]
|Appointed Augustus in the west by [[Galerius]] in 308 AD, in opposition to [[Maxentius]]; became Augustus in the east in 311 AD after the death of Galerius (shared with [[Maximinus II]]); defeated Maximinus in civil war to become sole eastern Augustus in 313 AD; appointed [[Valerius Valens]] in 317 AD, and [[Sextus Martinianus|Martinian]] in 324 AD as western Augustus, in opposition to Constantine, both being executed within weeks.
|November 11, 308 AD – September 18, 324 AD
|325 AD <br> Defeated in civil war against [[Constantine I]] in 324 AD and captured; executed on the orders of Constantine the next year
|16 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Campidoglio, Roma - Costantino II cesare dettaglio.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS '''CONSTANTINVS''' AVGVSTVS </small>
|316 AD, [[Arles]]
|Son of [[Constantine I]]; appointed Caesar in 317 AD, succeeded as joint Augustus with his brothers [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans I]]
|May 22, 337 AD – 340 AD
|340 AD <br> Died in battle against [[Constans I]]
|3 years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Bust of Constantius II (Mary Harrsch).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Constantius II]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS '''CONSTANTIVS''' AVGVSTVS </small>
|August 7, 317 AD, [[Sirmium]], [[Pannonia]]
|Son of [[Constantine I]]; succeeded as joint Augustus with his brothers [[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]] and [[Constans I]]; sole emperor from 350 AD
|May 22, 337 AD – November 3, 361 AD
|361 AD <br> Natural causes
|24 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Emperor Constans Louvre Ma1021.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Constans I]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS '''CONSTANS''' AVGVSTVS </small>
|320 AD, ?
|Son of [[Constantine I]]; succeeded as joint Augustus with his brothers [[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]] and [[Constantius II]]
|May 22, 337 AD – 350 AD
|350 AD <br> Assassinated on the orders of the usurper [[Magnentius]]
|13 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Maiorina-Vetranio-siscia RIC 281.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Vetranio]]'''
|?, [[Moesia]]
|General of [[Constans I]], proclaimed Caesar against [[Magnentius]] and temporarily accepted as Augustus of the west by [[Constantius II]].
|March 1 – December 25, 350 AD
|c. 356 <br> As a private citizen, after abdication.
|9 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:JulianusII-antioch(360-363)-CNG.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Julian the Apostate|Julian II]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS '''IVLIANVS''' AVGVSTVS </small>
|331 AD/332 AD, [[Constantinople]], [[Thracia]]
|Cousin of [[Constantius II]]; made Caesar of the west in 355 AD; proclaimed Augustus by his troops in 360; sole emperor after the death of Constantius
|February 360 AD – June 26, 363 AD
|June 26, 363 AD <br> Mortally wounded in battle
|3 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Jovian1.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]]''' <br> <small>CAESAR FLAVIVS '''IOVIANVS''' AVGVSTVS </small>
|331 AD, [[Singidunum]], [[Moesia]]
|General of Julian's army; proclaimed emperor by the troops on Julian's death
|June 26, 363 AD – February 17, 364 AD
|February 17, 364 AD <br> Natural causes (suffocated on fumes)
|1 Year
|-
|}
===Valentinian dynasty===
{{Main|Valentinian dynasty}}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1200"
|-
!width="100"|Portrait
!width="200"|Name
!width="100"|Birth
!width="300"|Succession
!width="150"|Reign
!width="200"|Death
!width="150"|Time in Office
|-
|align="center"|[[File:ValentinianI.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Valentinian I]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS '''VALENTINIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|321 AD, [[Cibalae]], [[Pannonia]]
|Elected to replace [[Jovian (Emperor)|Jovian]] by the army
|February 26, 364 AD – November 17, 375 AD
|November 17, 375 AD <br> Natural causes
|11 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Valens Honorius Musei Capitolini MC494.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Valens]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS IVLIVS '''VALENS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|328 AD, [[Cibalae]], [[Pannonia]]
|Brother of [[Valentinian I]], appointed co-augustus (for the east) by him
|March 28, 364 AD – August 9, 378 AD
|August 9, 378 AD <br> Killed in [[Battle of Adrianople]] against the [[Goths]]
|14 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Gratian Solidus.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Gratian]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS '''GRATIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|April 18/May 23, 359 AD, [[Sirmium]], [[Pannonia]]
|Son of [[Valentinian I]], appointed 'junior' Augustus by him in 367, became 'senior' augustus (for the west) after Valentinian's death.
|August 4, 367 AD – August 25, 383 AD
|August 25, 383 AD <br> Murdered by rebellious army faction
|16 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Statue of emperor Valentinian II detail.JPG|100px]]
|'''[[Valentinian II]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS '''VALENTINIANVS''' INVICTVS AVGVSTVS</small>
|371 AD, [[Milan]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Son of [[Valentinian I]], proclaimed emperor by Pannonian army after Valentinian's death; accepted as co-Augustus for the west by [[Gratian]]
|November 17, 375 AD – May 15, 392 AD
|May 15, 392 AD <br> Unclear; possibly murdered or committed suicide
|17 Years
|}
===Theodosian dynasty===
{{Main|Theodosian dynasty}}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1200"
|-
!width="100"|Portrait
!width="200"|Name
!width="100"|Birth
!width="300"|Succession
!width="150"|Reign
!width="200"|Death
!width="150"|Time in Office
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Theodosius-1-.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Theodosius I]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS '''THEODOSIVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|January 11, 347 AD, [[Coca, Segovia|Cauca]], [[Hispania]]
|Appointed as Augustus for the east by [[Gratian]] after the death of [[Valens]]; became sole 'senior' Augustus after death of [[Valentinian II]]
|January 1, 379 AD – January 17, 395 AD
|January 17, 395 AD <br> Natural causes
|16 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Arcadius Istanbul Museum.PNG|100px]]
|'''[[Arcadius]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS '''ARCADIVS''' AVGVSTVS</small> <br> <br> ''EAST''
|c. 377 AD, [[Hispania]]
|Son of [[Theodosius I]]; appointed as 'junior' Augustus for the east by Theodosius in 383 (after the death of [[Gratian]]); became 'senior' Augustus for the east after his father's death
|January 383 AD – May 1, 408 AD
|May 1, 408 AD <br> Natural causes
|25 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Consular diptych Probus 406.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS '''HONORIVS''' AVGVSTVS</small> <br> <br> ''WEST''
|September 9, 384 AD, ?
|Son of [[Theodosius I]]; appointed as 'junior' Augustus for the west by Theodosius in 393 (after the death of [[Valentinian II]]); became 'senior' Augustus for the west after his father's death
|January 23, 393 AD – August 15, 423 AD
| August 15, 423 AD <br> Natural causes
|30 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Theodosius II Louvre Ma1036.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Theodosius II]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS '''THEODOSIVS''' AVGVSTVS</small> <br> <br> ''EAST''
|April 10, 401 AD, [[Constantinople]]?
|Son of [[Arcadius]]; appointed as 'junior' Augustus for the east by Arcadius in 402; became 'senior' Augustus for the east after his father's death
|January 402 AD – July 28, 450 AD
|July 28, 450 AD <br> Natural causes
|48 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Solidus Constantius III-RIC 1325.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Constantius III]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS '''CONSTANTIVS''' AVGVSTVS</small> <br> <br> ''WEST''
|?, [[Naissus]], [[Moesia Superior]]
|Married to [[Theodosius I]]'s daughter [[Galla Placidia]], elevated to co-Augustus for the west by [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]]
|February 8, 421 AD – September 2, 421 AD
|September 2, 421 AD <br> Natural causes
|7 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Solidus Johannes-s4283.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Joannes]]''' <br> <br> <br> ''WEST''
|?
|A senior civil servant under [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]], proclaimed emperor by [[Castinus]]; not recognized by the Eastern Empire
|August 27, 423 AD – May 425 AD
|June or July 425 AD <br> Defeated in battle by [[Theodosius II]] and [[Valentinian III]], captured and executed
|2 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Solidus ValentinianIII-wedding.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Valentinian III]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS PLACIDIVS '''VALENTINIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small> <br> <br> ''WEST''
|July 2, 419 AD, [[Ravenna]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Son of [[Constantius III]], appointed Caesar for the west by [[Theodosius II]] after the death of [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]], in opposition to the [[Johannes]]; became Augustus for the west after the defeat of Johannes
|October 23, 424 AD – March 16, 455 AD
|March 16, 455 AD <br> Assassinated, possibly at the behest of [[Petronius Maximus]]
|31 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Solidus Marcian RIC 0509.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Marcian]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS '''MARCIANIVS''' AVGVSTVS</small> <br> <br> ''EAST''
|396, [[Thrace]] or [[Illyria]]
|Nominated as successor (and husband) by [[Pulcheria]], sister of [[Theodosius II]]
|Summer 450 AD – January 457 AD
|January 457 AD <br> Natural causes
|7 Years
|}
===The last emperors of the Western Empire===
{{Main|Western Roman Empire}}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1200"
|-
!width="100"|Portrait
!width="200"|Name
!width="100"|Birth
!width="300"|Succession
!width="150"|Reign
!width="200"|Death
!width="150"|Time in Office
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Solidus Petronius Maximus-RIC 2201.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Petronius Maximus]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS ANICIVS '''PETRONIVS MAXIMVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 396 AD, ?
|Proclaimed himself emperor with the support of the army, after the death of [[Valentinian III]]. Not recognized by the Eastern Empire.
|March 17, 455 AD – May 31, 455 AD
|May 31, 455 AD <br> Murdered, probably stoned to death by the Roman mob
|2 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Tremissis Avitus-RIC 2402.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Avitus]]''' <br> <small>EPARCHIVS '''AVITVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 385 AD, ?
|''[[Magister militum]]'' under [[Petronius Maximus]], proclaimed emperor by the [[Visigoth]] king [[Theoderic II]] after Petronius's death
|July 9, 455 AD – October 17, 456 AD
|after 17 October 456 AD <br> Deposed by his ''Magister militum'', [[Ricimer]]; became bishop of [[Piacenza|Placentia]]; murdered at some point afterwards
|1 Year
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Impero d'occidente, maggioriano, solido in oro (arles), 457-461.JPG|100px]]
|'''[[Majorian]]''' <br> <small>IVLIVS VALERIVS '''MAIORIANVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|November 420 AD, ?
|Appointed emperor by [[Ricimer]]
|April 457 AD – August 2, 461 AD
|August 7, 461 AD <br> Deposed by his troops (probably at the behest of [[Ricimer]]); beheaded on the orders of Ricimer
|4 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Libio Severo - MNR Palazzo Massimo.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Libius Severus]]''' <br> <small>LIBIVS SEVERVS AVGVSTVS</small>
|?, [[Lucania]], [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]
|Appointed emperor by [[Ricimer]]. Not recognized by the Eastern Empire.
|November 461 AD – August 465 AD
|August 465 AD <br> Probably poisoned by Ricimer
|4 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Anthemius.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Anthemius]]''' <br> <small>PROCOPIVS '''ANTHEMIVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 420 AD
|Appointed emperor by [[Ricimer]], with the backing of the eastern emperor [[Leo I the Thracian|Leo I]]
|April 12, 467 AD – July 11, 472 AD
|July 11, 472 AD <br> Executed by Ricimer
|5 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Anicius Olybrius.png|80px]]
|'''[[Olybrius]]''' <br> <small>FLAVIVS ANICIVS '''OLYBRIVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 420 AD
|Son-in-law of [[Valentinian III]]; appointed emperor by [[Ricimer]]. Not recognized by the Eastern Empire.
|July 11, 472 AD – November 2, 472 AD
|November 2, 472 AD <br> Natural causes
|4 Months
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Glicerio - MNR Palazzo Massimo.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Glycerius]]''' <br> <small> FLAVIVS(?) '''GLYCERIVS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|?
|Appointed emperor by [[Gundobad]] ([[Ricimer]]'s successor). Not recognized by the Eastern Empire.
|March 473 AD – June 474 AD
|after 480 AD <br> Deposed by [[Julius Nepos]], became Bishop of [[Salona]], time and manner of death unknown
|1 Year
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Tremissis Julius Nepos-RIC 3221.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Julius Nepos]]''' <br> <small> FLAVIVS '''IVLIVS NEPOS''' AVGVSTVS</small>
|c. 430 AD - 480 AD
|Nephew-in-law of the eastern emperor [[Leo I the Thracian|Leo I]], appointed emperor in opposition to [[Glycerius]]
|June 474 AD – August 28, 475 AD (in Italy); – Spring 480 AD (in Gaul and Dalmatia)
|480 AD <br> Deposed in Italy by [[Flavius Orestes]], ruled in balance of Western Empire until assassination in 480. Maintained as figurehead in Italy by [[Odoacer]] to his death in 480.
|1 Year/6 Years
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:RomulusAugustus.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Romulus Augustus]]''' <br> <small> FLAVIVS '''ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS'''</small>
|?
|Appointed by his father, [[Flavius Orestes]]. Not recognized by the Eastern Empire.
|October 31, 475 AD – September 4, 476 AD (in Italy)
|Unknown. <br> Regarded as emperor more from historical convention than accuracy, his rule never extended beyond portions of Italian peninsular and was not recognized by Eastern Emperor Zeno. Deposed by [[Odoacer]], who then ruled in the name of [[Julius Nepos]] until the latter's death in 480, which formally ended the separate western empire; most likely lived out his life on a private villa in obscurity.
|1 Year
|}
==Eastern emperors==
{{Main|Eastern Roman Empire|List of Byzantine Emperors}}
===Leonid dynasty (457–518)===
{{See also|Leonid dynasty}}
{|width=100% class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" style="width:22%;"|Name
!style="width:12%;"|Reign
!Comments
|-
|align=center|[[File:Leo I Louvre Ma1012.jpg|80px]]||align=center|[[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I "the Thracian", "the Butcher", or "the Great"]] <br /> (Λέων Α' ο Θράξ, ο Μακέλλης, ο Μέγας, ''Flavius Valerius Leo'')||align="center"|7 February 457 –<br />18 January 474||align="left"|Born in [[Dacia Aureliana|Dacia]] ca. 400, and of [[Bessian]] origin, Leo became a low-ranking officer and served as an attendant of the Gothic commander-in-chief of the army, [[Aspar]], who chose him as emperor on Marcian's death. He was the first emperor to be crowned by the Patriarch of Constantinople. His reign was marked by the pacification of the Danube frontier and peace with Persia, which allowed him to intervene in the affairs of the [[Western Roman Empire|western empire]], supporting candidates for the throne and dispatching an [[Battle of Cape Bon (468)|expedition]] to recover [[Carthage]] from the [[Vandals]] in 468. Initially a puppet of Aspar, Leo began promoting the [[Isaurians]] as a counterweight to Aspar's Goths, marrying his daughter [[Ariadne (empress)|Ariadne]] to the Isaurian leader [[Tarasicodissa]] (Zeno). With their support, in 471 Aspar was murdered and Gothic power over the army was broken.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Gregory|first1=Timothy E.|last2=Cutler|first2=Anthony|title=Leo I|pages=1206–1207|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-first=Alexander P.|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|encyclopedia=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|location=New York; Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|[[File:Leo (474)-coin.jpg|80px]]||align=center|[[Leo II (emperor)|Leo II]] "the Little" <br /> (Λέων Β' ο Μικρός, ''Flavius Leo'')||align="center"|18 January –<br />17 November 474||align="left"|Born ca. 467, he was the grandson of Leo I by Leo's daughter Ariadne and her Isaurian husband, Zeno. Raised to ''Caesar'' and then co-emperor in autumn 473, soon after his accession Leo II crowned his father Zeno as co-emperor and effective regent. Died shortly after, possibly poisoned.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Kazhdan|first=Alexander P.|title=Leo II|pages=1207–1208|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-first=Alexander P.|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|encyclopedia=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|location=New York; Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|[[File:Zeno.png|80px]]||align=center|[[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] <br /> (Ζήνων, ''Flavius Zeno'') ||align="center"|17 November 474 –<br />9 April 491||align="left"|Born ca. 425 in [[Isauria]], originally named Tarasicodissa. As the leader of Leo I's Isaurian soldiers, he rose to ''[[comes domesticorum]]'', married the emperor's daughter Ariadne and took the name Zeno, and played a crucial role in the elimination of [[Aspar]] and his Goths. He was named co-emperor by his son on 9 February 474, and became sole ruler upon the latter's death, but had to flee to his native country before [[Basiliscus]] in 475, regaining control of the capital in 476. Zeno concluded peace with the [[Vandals]], saw off challenges against him by [[Illus]] and [[Verina]], and secured peace in the [[Balkans]] by enticing the [[Ostrogoths]] under [[Theodoric the Great]] to migrate to Italy. Zeno's reign also saw the end of the [[Western Roman Empire|western line of emperors]]. His pro-[[Monophysite]] stance made him unpopular and his promulgation of the [[Henotikon]] resulted in the [[Acacian Schism]] with the papacy.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=Zeno|page=2223|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-first=Alexander P.|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|encyclopedia=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|location=New York; Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6}}</ref>
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|align=center|[[File:Basiliscus.jpg|80px]]||align=center|[[Basiliscus]] <br /> (Βασιλίσκος, ''Flavius Basiliscus'')||align="center"|9 January 475 –<br />August 476||align="left"|General and brother-in-law of Leo I, he seized power from Zeno but was again deposed by him. Died in 476/477
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|align=center|[[File:Anastasius I (emperor).jpg|80px]]||align=center|[[Anastasius I (emperor)|Anastasius I]] <br /> (Αναστάσιος Α' ο Δίκορος, ''Flavius Anastasius'')||align="center"|11 April 491 –<br />9 July 518||align="left"|Born ca. 430 at [[Dyrrhachium]], he was a palace official (''[[silentiarius]]'') when he was chosen as her husband and Emperor by Empress-dowager [[Ariadne (empress)|Ariadne]]. He was nicknamed "''Dikoros''", because of his [[Heterochromia iridum|heterochromia]]. Anastasius reformed the tax system and the [[Byzantine coinage]] and proved a frugal ruler, so that by the end of his reign he left a substantial surplus. His Monophysite sympathies led to wideaspread opposition, most notably the [[Revolt of Vitalian]] and the [[Acacian Schism]]. His reign was also marked by the first [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] raids into the [[Balkans]] and by a [[Anastasian War|war]] with Persia over the foundation of [[Dara (Mesopotamia)|Dara]]. He died childless.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=Anastasios I|pages=86–87|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-first=Alexander P.|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|encyclopedia=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|location=New York; Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6}}</ref>
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===Justinian dynasty (518–602)===
{{See also|Justinian dynasty}}
{|width=100% class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" style="width:22%;"|Name
!style="width:12%;"|Reign
!Comments
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|align=center|[[File:JustinI.jpg|80px]]||align=center|[[Justin I]] <br /> (Ιουστίνος Α', ''Flavius Iustinus'')||align="center"|July 518 –<br />1 August 527||align="left"|Born c. 450 at Bederiana ([[Justiniana Prima]]), [[Dardani#Byzantine Dardania|Dardania]]. Officer and commander of the [[Excubitors]] bodyguard under Anastasius I, he was elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I.
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|align=center|[[File:Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna 004.jpg|80px]]||align=center|[[Justinian I|Justinian I "the Great"]] <br /> (Ιουστινιανός Α' ο Μέγας, ''Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus'')||align="center"|1 August 527 –<br />13/14 November 565||align="left"| Born in 482/483 at [[Tauresium]] (Taor), [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]]. Nephew of Justin I, possibly raised to co-emperor on 1 April 527. Succeeded on Justin I's death.
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|align=center|[[File:Justin II.jpg|80px]]||align=center|[[Justin II]] <br /> (Ιουστίνος Β', ''Flavius Iustinus Iunior'')||align="center"|14 November 565 –<br />5 October 578||align="left"|Born c. 520. Nephew of Justinian I, he seized the throne on the death of Justinian I with support of army and Senate. Became insane, hence in 573–574 under the regency of his wife [[Sophia (empress)|Sophia]], and in 574–578 under the regency of Tiberius Constantine.
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|align=center|[[File:Tiberius II.jpg|80px]]||align=center|[[Tiberius II Constantine]] <br /> (Τιβέριος Β', ''Flavius Tiberius Constantinus'')||align="center"|5 October 578 –<br />14 August 582||align="left"|Born c. 535, commander of the [[Excubitors]], friend and adoptive son of Justin. Was named ''[[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]'' and regent in 574. Succeeded on Justin II's death.
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|align=center|[[File:Emperor Maurice.jpg|80px]]||align=center|[[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]] <br /> (Μαυρίκιος, ''Flavius Mauricius Tiberius'')||align="center"|14 August 582 –<br />22 November 602||align="left"|Born in 539 at [[Arabissus]], [[Cappadocia]]. Became an official and later a general. Married the daughter of Tiberius II and succeeded him upon his death. Named his son [[Theodosius (son of Maurice)|Theodosius]] as co-emperor in 590. Deposed by Phocas and executed on 27 November 602 at [[Chalcedon]].
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==Referensi==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
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