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{{Hebrew month|letname= Iyar (אִייָר)|previouslink= Nisan|previousletter=Nisan |nextlink= Sivan|nextletter= Sivan |num=2|days=29|season=spring|gregorian=April–May|filename=Declaration of State of Israel 1948.jpg| size=280px| name=Declaration of Independence|caption=The [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israeli Declaration of Independence]], today<br>commemorated on [[Yom Ha'atzmaut]], was publicly<br>proclaimed by [[David Ben-Gurion]], the first [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister<br>of Israel]], on the 5th of Iyar, 5708.}}
'''Iyar''' ({{lang-he|אִייָר}} atau {{lang|he|אִיָּר}}, <small>Standar</small> ''Iyyar'' <small>Tiberian</small> ''{{Unicode|ʾIyyār}}'' ; dari [[bahasa Akkadia]] ''{{unicode| ayyaru}}'', artinya "Rosette; mekar") adalah [[bulan (waktu)|bulan]] kedua dalam penanggalan keagamaan dan bulan ke-8 penanggalan sipil dalam [[Kalender Yahudi]]. Nama bulan ini berasal dari budaya [[Babel]]. Merupakan bulan di musim semi yang panjangnya 29 hari. Iyar biasanya jatuh sekitar bulan [[April]]–[[Mei]] dalam [[Kalender Gregorian]]. Nama bulan ini sebelum [[Pembuangan ke Babel]] adalah '''Ziw''' (''Ziv''), sebagaimana dicatat dalam {{Alkitab|1 Raja-raja 6:1, 37}}, dari bahasa Ibrani yang berarti "bersinar" atau "cahaya".
== Hari raya pada bulan Iyar ==
Baris 7 ⟶ 9:
* 18 Iyar: [[Lag Ba'omer]] / Lag la‘omer (Hari Ketigapuluh Omer)
* 28 Iyar: [[Yom Yerushalayim]] (Hari Yerusalem)
== Sejarah Yahudi ==
'''4 Iyar'''
* 1165 - [[Maimonides]] diselamatkan
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<small>The 4th of Iyar was observed by [[Maimonides]] (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon), 1135–1204) as a personal day of fasting and prayer. Maimonides recounts that when he and his family were fleeing [[Islamic]] persecution from [[Fez, Morocco]] to the [[Holy Land (Biblical)|Holy Land]], their ship was caught in a fierce storm at sea. He cried out to God in prayer and vowed to fast each year on this date.</small>
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'''5 Iyar'''
* 1948 - Proklamasi Negara [[Israel]]
<small>Pemerintah [[Britania Raya]] mengumumkan bahwa Mandat Inggris atas Palestina akan berakhir pada tanggal 15 Mei 1948. Karena 15 Mei jatuh pada hari [[Sabat]], pemimpin Yahudi di Palestina memproklamirkan kemerdekaan Negara Israel pada hari Jumat, 14 Mei 1948, sebelum matahari terbenam (5 Iyar 5708). Hari Kemerdekaan Israel (''Israel Independence Day'') diperingati setiap tanggal 5 Iyar.</small>
'''7 Iyar'''
* 498 SM - Pentahbisan tembok [[Yerusalem]]
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*<small>The rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem was celebrated with great jubilation nearly 88 years after they were destroyed by [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylonia|Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia]].</small>
'''8 Iyar'''
* 1096 - First [[Crusade]] [[Pogrom]]s Begin
*<small>In the early 1070s, the Turks commenced an offensive against the Europe pilgrims in [[Jerusalem]]. [[Pope Gregory VII]] offered his help to defend the [[Greeks|Greek]] [[Christians]], but the army he promised never materialized. In 1095, his successor, [[Urban II]], began to call for a holy war to liberate the Christians in Jerusalem. By the next year more than 100,000 men had rallied to his call, forming the first [[Crusade]]. Urban and the local clergymen in Europe felt that the Crusade had another purpose as well—to annihilate all non-Christians in Europe who refused to convert to Christianity. On their way to [[Holy Land]] the mobs of crusaders and local inhabitants attacked many Jewish communities, most notably in the Rhineland towns of [[Worms, Germany]] and [[Mainz]]. On the [[Shabbat]], the 8th of Iyar, the Jews of [[History of the Jews in Speyer|Speyer]] were also attacked. Yet most of them were allowed refuge in the bishop's castle and neighbouring towns, e. g. [[Heidelberg]]. (see [[Sivan#Sivan in Jewish history|Sivan in Jewish History]]" for [[Sivan]] 1).</small>
'''10 Iyar''' - (1103) - Death of the [[Isaac Alfasi|Rif]] <br>
*<small>[[Isaac Alfasi|Rabbi Isaac Al-Fasi]] (1013-1103), known by the acronym "Rif", was one of the earliest codifiers of the [[Talmud]]. In 1088 he was forced to flee his hometown of [[Fez, Morocco]], to Spain, where he assumed the position of rabbi in Alusina (Lucene).</small>
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'''11 Iyar'''
* 1510 - Penyitaan buku-buku Yahudi
<small>1500 buku-buku Yahudi disita di kota [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[Jerman]] atas hasutan orang-orang yang beralih agama (Meshumad) pada tanggal 11 Iyar.</small>
* 1881 - Huru-hara anti Yahudi di Wasilkow dan Konotop, [[Rusia]]
<!--
<small>Anti Jewish riots ([[pogroms]]) continue to escalate in Russia and break out on the 11th of Iyar in Waslikow and Konotop. The Jews were blamed for the assassination of Czar Alexander II, who was assassinated by revolutionaries. The riots continued for three years across the entire Russia.</small>
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* 1948 - Perang Lembah Kinarot (''Battles of the Kinarot Valley''; ''Battle of Degania'') di Degania melawan [[Suriah]]
<!--
<small>The [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli Army]] defeated the advancing [[Military of Syria|Syrian Army]], following the shelling at the entrance of Deganya, which began at sunrise and lasted nine hours. It is considered the first Israeli victory following the start of the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War|War of Independence]].</small>
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'''13 Iyar'''
* 1427 - Orang Yahudi diusir dari [[Bern]], [[Swiss]]
<small>Kota Bern mempunyai sejarah yang panjang mengenai pengusiran orang Yahudi dan huru-hara anti Yahudi.</small>
'''14 Iyar'''
* 1312 SM - "Paskah Kedua"
<!--
<small>A year after the [[The Exodus|Exodus]], God instructed the [[Israelite|People of Israel]] to bring the [[Passover]] offering on the afternoon of [[Nisan]] 14, and to eat it that evening, roasted over the fire, together with matzah and bitter herbs, as they had done on the previous year just before they left [[Egypt]]. "There were, however, certain persons who had become ritually impure through contact with a dead body, and could not, therefore, prepare the Passover offering on that day. They approached [[Moses]] and [[Aaron]] ... and they said: '...Why should we be deprived, and not be able to present God's offering in its time, amongst the children of Israel?'" ([[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 9). In response to their plea, God established the 14th of Iyar as a "second Passover" (pesach sheini) for anyone who was unable to bring the offering on its appointed time in the previous month.</small>
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* Abad ke-2 SM - [[Rabbi Meir]] Baal haNeis meninggal
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*<small> One of the greatest of the [[Tannaim]] of the second generation, [[Rabbi Meir]] was among the most important disciples of [[Rabbi Akiba]]. He was called "Meir", which comes from the word "Or"- "Light", because he enlightened the eyes of the sages". He was also called "Baal ha Ness"- "Master of the Miracle". He is buried in the holy city of Tiberias. </small>
* 1605 - Pembantaian orang Yahudi di Bzenec (atau Bisenz), [[Austria]]
<small>Pembantaian terjadi pada tanggal 14Iyar 5365 (Kalender Yahudi atau 1605 M).</small>
* 1933 - Pembakaran buku-buku Yahudi di [[Jerman]]
<small>Bersamaan bangkitnya partai [[Nazi]] di Jerman pada tahun 1933, pengikut Nazi membakar ribuan buku-buku tulisan orang Yahudi pada tanggal 14 Iyar tahun itu.</small>
* 1960 - [[Adolf Eichmann]], bekas anak buah [[Adolf Hitler]], ditangkap di [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
<!--
<small>Adolf Eichmann, a key party in implementing of Hitler's "final solution", was captured by agents of the Israeli "Mossad" in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Eichmann was in charge of all transportation required for the shipment of Jews to the extermination camps. The height of his career was reached in Hungary in 1944, when he managed to transport 400,000 Jews to the gas chambers in less than five weeks.</small>
:<small>After the war, Eichmann fled to Argentina and lived under the assumed name of Ricardo Klement for ten years until Israeli Mossad agents abducted him on May 11, 1960 and smuggled him out of the country to stand trial in Jerusalem for his crimes against the Jewish people, crimes against humanity and war crimes.
</small>
:<small>During the four months of the trial over one hundred witnesses testified against him. Eichmann took the stand and used the defense that he was just obeying orders. "Why me", he asked. "Why not the local policemen, thousands of them? They would have been shot if they had refused to round up the Jews for the death camps. Everybody killed the Jews." Eichmann was found guilty on all counts, sentenced to death and hanged at Ramleh Prison on May 31, 1962. </small>
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'''15 Iyar'''
* 1727 - Orang Yahudi diusir dari [[Ukraina]]
<!--
<small>A few months prior to her death, Empress [[Catherine I]], the second wife of [[Peter the Great]], expelled all Jews from the Ukraine.</small>
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* 1883 - Huru-hara anti Yahudi di [[Rostov-on-Don]], [[Rusia]]
<!--
<small>Rostov-on-Don, Russia, was home to 14 [[Synagogue]]s and many communal institutions. With the encouragement of local Russian officials, a wave of anti-Jewish riots ([[pogrom]]s) swept the city on the 15th of Iyar of 1883.</small>
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* 1939 - Undang-undang Nuremberg ("Nuremberg Laws") disahkan di [[Hungaria]]
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<small>The [[Nazi]] Nuremberg Laws, depriving Jews the rights citizenship, were passed by the government of Nazi Germany in 1935. In 1939, on the 16th of Iyar, the laws went into effect in Nazi-allied Hungary.</small>
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* 1945 - Kamp konsentrasi [[Dachau]] dimerdekakan
<!--
<small>[[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]] was the first [[Nazi]] [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camp]] and the model for the other concentration camps. During the war, 200,000 Jews were housed in Dachau. More than 30,000 were killed and tens of thousands died due to the conditions and spread of disease in the camp.</small>
:<small>The camp was freed by the [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th Infantry Division of the U.S. Seventh Army]] on the 16th of Iyar, 1945. It was the second concentration camp to be liberated following the end of World War II. The United States troops forced the citizens of the local community to come to the camp, observe the conditions, and help clean the facilities.</small>
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'''17 Iyar'''
* 66 - Garisun Romawi dikalahkan di [[Yerusalem]]
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*<small>Following the theft of silver from the [[Holy Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]] on the 17th of Iyar of the Hebrew year 3826 (66 [[Common Era|CE]]), the Jewish defense force attacked and defeated the Roman garrison stationed in Jerusalem.</small>
'''17 Iyar''' - (1793) - Death of "[[Yechezkel Landau|Noda B'Yehudah]]"
*<small>The 17th of Iyar marks the death of Rabbi [[Yechezkel Landau]] (1713–1793), author of the [[Talmud]]ic-[[Halakha|Halachic]] work Noda B'Yehuda and Chief Rabbi of [[Prague]]. His famous "Letter of Peace" helped to heal the rift between the great sages Rabbi [[Jacob Emden|Yaakov Emden]] and Rabbi [[Jonathan Eybeschutz|Yonasan Eibeshutz]], which threatened to irreparably divide the [[Jewish people]].</small>
'''18 Iyar''' (''[[Lag BaOmer]]'')
([[circa]] 120 [[Common Era|CE]]) - Plague among [[Rabbi Akiva]]'s Disciples Ends
*<small>In the weeks between [[Passover]] and [[Shavuot]], a plague decimated 24,000 students of the great sage [[Rabbi Akiva]]--a result, says the [[Talmud]], of the fact that they "did not respect one another." The plague's cessation on Iyar 18—the 33rd day of the Omer Count or "Lag BaOmer"--is one of the reasons that the day is celebrated each year.</small>
'''18 Iyar''' - (2nd century [[Common Era|CE]]) - Death of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai
*<small>Rabbi [[Shimon bar Yochai]] ("Rashbi"), was a leading disciple of Rabbi Akiva and one of the most important tana'im whose teachings of [[Torah]] law are collected in the [[Mishnah]]. He was also the first to publicly teach the mystical dimension of the Torah known as the "[[Kabbalah]]", and is the author of the basic work of Kabbalah, the [[Zohar]]. For 13 years Rabbi Shimon hid in a cave to escape the wrath of the Romans whose government he criticized. On the day of his death—Iyar 18, the 33rd day of the Omer Count—Rabbi Shimon gathered his disciples and revealed many of the deepest secrets of the divine wisdom, and instructed them to mark the date as "the day of my joy."</small>
'''18 Iyar''' - (1573?) - Death of [[Moses Isserles|Rama]]
*<small>Rabbi [[Moses Isserles|Moshe Isereles]] ("Rama") of Cracow (1525-1573?) authored the glosses ("hagga'ot") on Rabbi [[Yosef Karo|Yosef Caro]]'s the Code of Jewish Law and is regarded as the definitive Halachic authority for [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazic Jews]].</small>
'''18 Iyar''' - (1690) - Ettingen Jews Acquitted
*<small>Following a blood libel and the decree, if found guilty, to destroy the synagogue of [[Ettingen]], Germany, the Jews were acquitted. The local Jews celebrated this day as a local "[[Purim]]" celebration-day of thanksgiving.</small>
'''18 Iyar''' - (1948) - [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] Created
*<small>The [[Israel Defense Forces|Israel Defense Forces (IDF)]] was created on Lag BaOmer of 1948. The IDF comprises the Israeli army, Israeli air force and Israeli navy. It was formed to defend the existence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of the state of [[Israel]] and combat all forms of terrorism which threaten the daily lives of its inhabitants.</small>
'''18 Iyar''' - (1948) - [[Hurva]] [[Synagogue]] Destroyed
*<small>The Hurva synagogue located, in the [[Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)|Jewish quarter]] of the [[Jerusalem's Old City walls|Old City of Jerusalem]], was captured and dynamited by the Arab Legion of Jordan during the battle for Old Jerusalem in 1948.</small>
:<small>The synagogue was built by the group of disciples of Rabbi [[Vilna Gaon|Elijah (the "Vilna Gaon")]] who immigrated from [[Lithuania]] in 1864. The synagogue was built on the ruins of the synagogue built by Rabbi Judah Chassid (Segal) and his disciples in 1700, which was destroyed by Arab mobs in 1721. It was therefore named the "Hurvat Rabbi Judah HaChassid" -- the ruins of Rabbi Judah the Chassid, or simply "The Hurva" -- The Ruin. </small>
'''19 Iyar''' - (1293) - Death of [[Meir of Rothenburg|Maharam of Rothenberg]]
*<small>Renowned Talmudist Rabbi [[Meir of Rothenburg|Meir ("Maharam") of Rothenburg]] (1215?-1293) died in his cell in the Ensisheim fortress, where he had been imprisoned for ten years in an attempt to exact a huge ransom from the Jewish community. The money had been raised, but Rabbi Meir refused to have himself redeemed, lest this encourage the hostage taking of other Jewish leaders. (see [[Adar#This Month in Jewish History|Adar]] 4)</small>
'''19 Iyar''' - (1945) - [[Paul Joseph Goebbels|Goebbels]] Committed Suicide
*<small>Dr. [[Paul Joseph Goebbels]], the Nazi Propaganda Minister under [[Adolf Hitler]], was known for his zealous anti-semitism. Following Hitler's death he served as Chancellor for one day. A day later, he approved the murder of his own six children and committed suicide.</small>
-->
'''20 Iyar'''
* 1312 SM - Perjalanan meninggalkan [[gunung Sinai]]
<!--
<small>Almost a year following, On the 20th of Iyar 2449 (1312 [[Common Era|BCE]])--nearly a year after the Giving of the [[Torah]] on Mount Sinai—the [[The Children of Israel|Children of Israel]] departed their encampment near the Mountain. They resumed their journey when the pillar of cloud rose for the first time, from over the "Tabernacle—the divine sign that would signal the resumption of their travels throughout their encampments and journeys over the next 38 years, until the reached the eastern bank of the [[Jordan river|Jordan River]] on the eve of their entry into the [[Holy Land]].</small>
'''20 Iyar''' - (1288) - [[Troyes]] Jews Burned at Stake <br />
*<small>Thirteen Jews in Troyes, France were burned at the stake by the [[Inquisition]] on the 20th of Iyar in 1288. They were accused, in a blood libel, for the supposed murder of a Christian child. The thirteen Jews chosen were from among the richer members of the community. Jews were also killed in a "blood libel" in [[Neuchâtel]], [[Switzerland]] on this date.</small>
'''20 Iyar''' - (1637) - [[Venice]] Jews Forbidden to Practice Law
*<small>The Jews of [[Venice]], Italy were forbidden the right to practice law or to act as advocates in the Courts of Venice on the 20th of Iyar of 1637.</small>
'''20 Iyar''' - (1939) - [[Hadassah Medical Center|Mt. Scopus Hospital]]
*<small>The Hadassah University Hospital and Medical Center was opened on [[Mount Scopus|Mt. Scopus]], [[Jerusalem]]. The hospital, designed by renowned [[Bauhaus]] architect [[Erich Mendelsohn|Erich Mendelssohn]], opened as a modern, 300-bed academic medical facility.</small>
'''20 Iyar''' - (1942) - Pregnant Women Sentenced to Death
*<small>In the ghetto of [[Kaunas|Kovno]], the [[Nazis]] decreed the execution of all pregnant Jewish women.</small>
'''21 Iyar''' - (1946) - Frank Hanged in [[Prague]]
*<small>[[Karl Hermann Frank]], the German Nazi official in [[Czechoslovakia]] during [[World War II]], was hanged on this date in 1946. Frank surrendered to the American army on May 9, 1945 and was extradited and tried in a court in Prague. Following his conviction for war crimes, Frank was sentenced to death and hanged in the courtyard of the [[Pankrác|Pankrac]] prison in Prague as 5,000 onlookers witnessed his death.</small>
'''22 Iyar''' - (1731) - Jewish Books Confiscated
*<small>[[Giovanni Antonio Costanzi]], the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] librarian and author of a catalogue of the Vatican's Hebrew manuscripts, directed searches in all the Jewish quarters throughout the Papal States to confiscate Jewish holy books. The confiscation begun on the 22nd Iyar in 1731. More confiscations continued over the next twenty years.</small>
'''22 Iyar''' - (1944) - [[Hungary|Hungarian]] Jews Deported
*<small>Two months after the [[Hungary during World War II|Nazi occupation of Hungary]], where the Jewish population prior to World War II was 725,000, the Nazis began deportation of the Jews to the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]. [[Adolf Eichmann|Eichmann]] personally oversaw the following day the start of the extermination process. Eight days later an estimated 100,000 had been murdered.</small>
-->
'''24 Iyar'''
* 1945 - Jerman menyerah kepada tentara [[Sekutu]] dalam [[Perang Dunia II]]
<!--
<small>In [[Reims|Rheims]], France, the Chief-of-Staff of the German Armed Forces High Command signed the unconditional surrender documents for all German forces to the Allies, thus marking the official end of World War II. The surrender took place following a fierce seven days of battles and truces across Europe.</small>
-->
'''25 Iyar'''
* 1096 - Orang Yahudi di [[Cologne]], [[Jerman]], diselamatkan
<!--
*<small>During the [[First crusade|First Crusade]], the crusaders are locked out of Cologne, Germany and the local Jews are saved, following the orders of the local bishop to close the gates to the city. In a number of local provinces, where the local bishop tried to avert the masses from harming the Jews, the Bishop would have to escape for his own safety.</small>
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* 1355 - Pembantaian orang Yahudi di Toledo, [[Spanyol]]
<small>Sekitar 1200 orang Yahudi dibantai oleh massa Arab Kristen di daerah Yahudi di kota [[Toledo]]</small>
'''26 Iyar'''
* 942 - Rabbi [[Saadia Gaon]] meninggal
<!--
<small>Iyar 26 is the [[yahrtzeit]] (anniversary of the death) of Rabbi Saadia Gaon (892?-942), author of Emunot V'deot, one of the earliest works of Jewish philosophy. ("Gaon" was the title given to the leading Sages of [[Babylonia]] in the post-[[Talmud]]ic period).</small>
'''26 Iyar''' - (1747) - Death of [[Moshe Chaim Luzzatto|Ramchal]]
*<small>Rabbi [[Moshe Chaim Luzzatto|Moshe Chaim Luzzato]] (known by the acronym "Ramchal"), philosopher, kabbalist and ethicist, was born in [[Padua]], Italy, in 1707. While still in his twenties, he authored numerous works of Torah scholarship, including Derech Hashem ("The way of God"), a systematic exposition of the fundamentals of [[Judaism]]. In 1740, (at the turn of the Jewish century 5500), he published his most famous work, Mesilat Yesharim ("Path of the Just"). Like many other great men of his age, Luzzatto longed for the Holy Land, and in 1743 he settled in Acco. He was not to enjoy a long stay there, however, and on Iyar 26, 5507 (1747), at the age of 39, he and his entire family died in a plague. According to most traditions, he was buried in Tiberias, next to the tomb of Rabbi Akiva.</small>
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* 1967 - [[Perang Enam Hari]] antara Israel melawan negara-negara Arab di sekitarnya.
<!--
<small>On Iyar 26 (June 5, 1967), [[Israel]] launched a preemptive strike on its southern frontier. In just six days, the Jewish army defeated five Arab armies on three fronts and conquered territories amounting to an area greater than its own size, including the old city of [[Jerusalem]] and the Temple Mount.</small>
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'''27 Iyar'''
* 1962 - [[Adolf Eichmann]] dihukum gantung sampai mati
<!--
<small>[[Adolf Eichmann]] was hanged at Ramleh Prison in Israel following his trial and conviction for his crimes against the Jewish people, crimes against humanity and war crimes during World War II. Eichmann was a key party in implementing of Hitler's infamous "final solution." The height of his "career" was reached in Hungary in 1944, when he managed to transport 400,000 Jews to the gas chambers in less than five weeks.</small>
-->
'''28 Iyar'''
* 1967 - [[Yerusalem]] disatukan
<!--
*<small>The Old City of Jerusalem and the Temple Mount were conquered during the 1967 [[Six-Day War|Six Day War]]. The day is marked in Israel as "[[Jerusalem Day]]".</small>
*<small>Death of [[Samuel]] the Prophet, marked by pilgrimages to his [[Tomb of Samuel|tomb]] on the outskirts of Jerusalem. Many Jews consider this a Ta'anit Tzadik and fast.<ref>[http://www.aish.com/torahportion/moray/The_Twenty_Eighth_of_Iyar.asp The Twenty Eighth of Iyar]</ref></small>
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== Penggunaan lain ==
* Dalam [[bahasa Arab]], Ayyar atau Eyyar ({{lang-ar|ﺃ ﯦﺎ ﺮ}}) adalah nama untuk bulan [[Mei]].
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
*[http://www.inner.org/times/iyar/index.php Resources on the Month of Iyar]
*[http://www.chabad.org/calendar/ This Month in Jewish History]
{{bulan Yahudi}}
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