Sabuk pengaman: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Image:Seatbelt.png|right|frame|Sabuk pengaman dengan tiga titik.]]
'''Sabuk pengaman''' adalah sebuah alat yang dirancang untuk menahan seorang penumpang [[mobil]] atau [[kendaraan]] lainnya agar tetap di tempat apabila terjadi [[tabrakan]], atau, yang lebih lazim terjadi, bila kendaraan itu berhenti mendadak. Sabuk pengaman dirancang untuk mengurangi [[luka]] dengan menahan si pemakai dari benturan dengan bagian-bagian dalam kendaraan itu atau terlempar dari dalam kendaraannya. Di dalam mobil, sabuk pengaman juga mencegah penumpang yang duduk di kursi belakang membentur penumpang yang duduk di barisan depan.
== Jenis-jenis sabuk pengaman ==
*'''Pangkuan''': Sabuk pengaman yang dapat disesuaikan yang melintang di atas pangkuan. Sabuk ini sering digunakan di mobil-mobil yang lebih tua, kini jarang kecuali untuk penumpang yang duduk di tengah pada barisan belakang. Kursi-kursi penumpang pesawat terbang juga menggunakan sabuk pengaman pangkuan.
[[Image:Seat belt BX.jpg|thumb|Sabuk pengaman]]
<!--*'''Two-point''': A restraint system with two attachment points. A lap belt or diagonal belt (rare).
*'''[[Automatic seat belt|Automatic]]''': Any seat belt that closes itself automatically. There is also a lap belt which should be fastened. Used mainly in older luxury models such as [[Ford]]s from the early [[1990]]s.
*'''Sash''': Adjustable strap that goes over the shoulder. Used mainly in the 1960s, but of limited benefit because it is very easy to slip out of in a collision.
*'''Lap and Sash''': Combination of the two above (two separate belts). Mainly used in the 1960s and 1970s, usually in the rear. Generally superseded by three-point design.
*'''Three-point''': Similar to the lap and sash, but one single continuous length of webbing. Both three-point and lap-and-sash belts help spread out the energy of the moving body in a collision over the chest, pelvis, and shoulders. Until the 1980s three-point belts were commonly available only in the front seats of cars, the back seats having only lap belts. Evidence of the potential for lap belts to cause separation of the [[lumbar vertebrae]] and the sometimes associated [[paralysis]], or "seat belt syndrome", has led to a revision of safety regulations in nearly all of the developed world requiring that all seats in a vehicle be equipped with three-point belts. By September 1, 2007, all new cars sold in the US will require a lap and shoulder belt in the center rear.[http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/rulings/Anton_FRNov16.html]
[[Image:Harness.jpg||thumb|right|200px|Harness]]
*'''Five-point harnesses''' are safer but more restrictive seat belts. They are typically found in [[child safety seat]]s and in [[Automobile racing|racing]] cars. The lap portion is connected to a belt between the [[Human leg|leg]]s and there are two shoulder belts, making a total of five points of attachment to the seat.
*'''Six-point harnesses''' is like a five-point harness but includes an extra belt between the legs. These belts are used mainly in racing. In NASCAR, the six-point harness became popular after the death of [[Dale Earnhardt]]. Earnhardt was wearing a five-point harness when he crashed and died. Because it was thought at first that his belt had broken, some teams ordered a six-point harness. The sixth point has two belts between the legs, which is seen by some to be a weaker point than the other parts. source: TIME magazine article on issue about Earnhardt
*'''Inertia reel''': Used almost universally today, inertia reel belts are effectively self-adjusting, which improves effectiveness. They also retract when not in use, reducing the chances of damage to the belts. A retractor reel lets out the strap or pulls it back as needed, and in the event of an accident the reel locks, preventing any more strap to come out and holding the passenger in the car. This may be augmented by pretensioners (see below). Most three-point belts are of inertia-reel construction, as are some lap-and-sash and lap belts.
== History ==
[[Image:Seatbelt.jpg|thumb|250px|A three point seat belt in a [[Lincoln Town Car]].]]
Seat belts were first invented by [[George Cayley]] in the 1800s. Seat belts were introduced in aircraft for the first time in [[1913]], for air shows and became common in the [[1930s]]. The automotive seat belt was introduced into the United States by Kenneth Ligon and his brother, Bob Ligon, whose patented quick release seat belt, the AutoCrat Safety Belt, was the first seat belt installed as original equipment in the US by Ford in its 1956 model year. The first seat belt to be included as standard was on the [[1959]] [[Volvo]]. [[Australia]] was the first country to make seat belts compulsory in vehicles. However, they were not required by law in the US on passenger vehicles until the [[1968]] model year.
Three point harnesses were first made readily available in [[mass production|mass-produced]] vehicles by [[Volvo]]. It was Swedish engineer [[Nils Bohlin]] who patented the modern three-point belt design and gave it to Volvo.
== Mechanism ==
Most seat belts are equipped with locking mechanisms that tighten the belt when pulled hard (e.g. by the force of a passenger's body during a crash) but do not tighten when pulled slowly. Many are also equipped with 'pretensioners', which preemptively tighten the belt to prevent the passenger from jerking forward in a crash.
Mercedes-Benz first introduced pretensioners on the 1981 S-Class. In the event of a crash, a pretensioner will tighten the belt almost instantaneously. This reduces the load on the occupant in a violent crash. Like [[airbag]]s, pretensioners are triggered by sensors in the car's body, and most pretensioners use explosively expanding gas to drive a piston that retracts the belt. Pretensioners also lower the risk of "submarining", which is when a passenger slides forward under a loosely worn seat belt.
== Legislation and Risk Compensation ==
The issue of [[seat belt legislation]] has been a source of some controversy. [[Hospital]] based studies of [[car accident]] victims, [[experiment]]s using both [[crash test dummy|crash test dummies]] and actual human [[cadaver]]s have indicated that wearing seat belts should provide a reduced risk of [[death]] and injury in many types of car crash. This has led many countries to adopt mandatory seat belt wearing laws. It is generally accepted that, in comparing like-for-like accidents, a vehicle occupant wearing a properly fitted seat belt has a significantly lower chance of death or serious injury. Within the USA, 49 states now require adults to wear seat-belts; [[New Hampshire]] has no such law.
The effects of such laws are disputed, stemming from the observed fact that no country is able to demonstrate a reduction in road fatalities due to passage of a seat belt law, though deaths have in some cases been migrated from drivers to other road users. This has influenced the development of [[risk compensation]] theory, which says that drivers adjust their behaviour in response to the increased sense of personal safety wearing a seat belt provides. In one trial habitual wearers and non-wearers were asked to drive round a course a number of times under the pretence of testing different seat belt materials for comfort. It was found that non-wearers drove consistently faster when belted than when unbelted (similar responses have been shown in respect of [[ABS brake|ABS braking]] and, more recently, airbags). It is also possible that the types of injury modelled in the trials were only a subset of potential serious injuries — for example, oblique impacts may produce twisting forces on the head leading to [[diffuse axonal injury]], a particularly serious type of brain injury.
Put simply, then: if one is involved in a crash, one is almost always better off wearing a seat belt. However, the probability of being in a crash in the first place may be affected by the fact that the person feels safer, so the overall safety benefit may be offset to some unspecified degree.-->
==Lihat pula==
*[[Undang-undang keselamatan berkendaraan]]
== Pranala luar ==
{{commonscat|Seat belts}}
* [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/seatbelt.htm Seatbelt] dari [[HowStuffWorks]]
[[Category:Teknologi keamanan kendaraan]]
[[Category:Perlengkapan mobil]]
[[Category:Alat pengaman]]
[[cs:Bezpečnostní pás]]
[[de:Sicherheitsgurt]]
[[el:Ζώνη ασφαλείας]]
[[en:Seat belt]]
[[es:Cinturón de seguridad]]
[[fi:Turvavyö]]
[[fr:Ceinture de sécurité]]
[[it:Cinture di sicurezza]]
[[ja:シートベルト]]
[[nl:Autogordel]]
[[no:Sikkerhetsbelte]]
[[pl:Pas bezpieczeństwa]]
[[sv:Säkerhetsbälte]]
[[yi:זיכערהייט גארטל]]
[[zh:安全帶]]
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