Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Hindi dan Urdu: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Contains Indic text}}
Grafik di bawah ini menunjukkan cara [[Alfabet Fonetik Internasional|Alfabet Fonetik Internasional (AFI)]] mewakili pengucapan berbahasa [[Hindi]] dan [[Urdu]] dalam artikel-artikel Wikipedia. Untuk panduan menambahkan karakter AFI ke dalam artikel-artikel Wikipedia, lihat {{tl|IPA-hns}}, {{tl|IPA-hi}}, {{tl|IPA-ur}} dan {{section link|Wikipedia:Gaya Manual/Pengucapan#Memasukkan karakter IPA}}.
== Kunci ==
{| style="background:none;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5"| [[Konsonan]]
|-
! [[Alfabet Fonetik Internasional|AFI]]<ref name="inherentv" >In the letter series beginning with क, क = क् + अ; ka = k + a. Thus 'क' has the [[inherent vowel]] 'अ', giving 'क' without added vowel sign using diacritics (The [[halanta]] "्" is removed). But the IPA shown here has the consonant 'k' only & does not include the vowel 'a'. </ref> !! [[Devanagari|Hindi]]<ref name="inherentv" /> !![[ISO 15919]] <ref name="inherentv" /> !! [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] !! Approximate English equivalent
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| ब || ba || ب || style="text-align:left;" | '''b'''utter
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big>
| भ || bha || بھ || style="text-align:left;" | a'''bh'''or
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| द || da || د || style="text-align:left;" | '''th'''e
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|dʱ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| ध || dha || دھ || style="text-align:left;" | wi'''th'''in (as a ''dhh'' sound, tongue touches palate, strong air exhalation)
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| ज || ja || ج || style="text-align:left;" | '''j'''azz
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}</big>
| झ || jha || جھ || style="text-align:left;" | he'''dgeh'''og (strong ''jhh'' sound)
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| ड || ḍa || ڈ || style="text-align:left;" | gou'''rd'''
|-
|<big> {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| ढ || ḍha || ڈھ || style="text-align:left;" | a'''dh'''ere
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
| फ़ || fa || ف || style="text-align:left;" | '''f'''ood
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
| ग || ga || گ || style="text-align:left;" | '''g'''reen
|-
|<big> {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big>
| घ || gha || گھ || style="text-align:left;" | bi'''g h'''eaded
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɣ}}</big>
| ग़ || ġa || غ || style="text-align:left;" | similar to a French ''r'' (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for {{IPA|[ɡ]}} (ग) in Hindi).
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big>
| ह || ha || ح || style="text-align:left;" | '''h'''ead
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| य || ya || ی || style="text-align:left;" | '''y'''ak
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| क || ka || ک || style="text-align:left;" | s'''k'''y
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|kʰ}}</big>
| ख || kha || کھ || style="text-align:left;" | '''c'''ar
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
| ल || la || ل || style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''eaf
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| म || ma || م || style="text-align:left;" | '''m'''uch
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
| न || na || ن || style="text-align:left;" | '''n'''ot
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big>
| ण || ṇa || ن || style="text-align:left;" | bu'''rn''' (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses {{IPA|[n]}} (ن)).
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big>
| ञ || ña ||'''نیْا'''|| style="text-align:left;" | roughly like ca'''ny'''on (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses {{IPA|[n]}} (ن)).
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
| ङ || ṅa || ن || style="text-align:left;" | ba'''n'''k
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
| प || pa || پ || style="text-align:left;" | s'''p'''ort
|-
|<big> {{IPA link|pʰ}}</big>
| फ || pha ||پھ || style="text-align:left;" | '''p'''encil
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|q}}</big>
| क़ || qa || ق || style="text-align:left;" | '''q'''uail (''k'' in the throat, tongue not touching palate) (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for {{IPA|[k]}} (क) in Hindi)
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɾ}}</big>
|rowspan=2| र ||rowspan=2| ra ||rowspan=2| ر ||rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | American bu'''tt'''er (''r'' may be trilled<ref>{{IPA|/ɾ/}} can surface as a trill {{IPA|[r]}}, mostly as an allophone in word-initial and syllable-final positions, and geminate {{IPA|/ɾː/}} is always a trill, e.g. ''zarā'' {{IPA|[zəɾaː]}} ({{lang|hi|ज़रा}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|ذرا}}}} 'little') versus well-trilled ''zarrā'' {{IPA|[zəraː]}} ({{lang|hi|ज़र्रा}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|ذرّہ}}}} 'particle').</ref>)
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|r}}</big>
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}</big>
| ड़ || ṛa || ڑ || style="text-align:left;" | ga'''rt'''er (GA)
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}</big>
| ढ़ || ṛha || ڑھ || style="text-align:left;" | as {{IPA|[ɽ]}} plus ''h''; somewhat as the US: wa'''rh'''ead
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
| स || sa || ث، س، ص || style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''ue
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big>
| ष || ṣa || ش/س || style="text-align:left;" | '''shr'''imp <br> (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses either {{IPA|[ʃ]}} (ش) or {{IPA|[s]}} (س)).
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| श || śa || ش || style="text-align:left;" | '''sh'''oe
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| त || ta || ت، ط || style="text-align:left;" | s'''t'''ill
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|tʰ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| थ || tha || تھ || style="text-align:left;" | '''t'''ip
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
| च || ca || چ || style="text-align:left;" | ca'''tch'''
|-
|<big> {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}</big>
| छ || cha || چھ || style="text-align:left;" | '''ch'''oose
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big><ref name=coronal>To an English-speaker's ear, {{IPA|[ʈ ʈʰ t tʰ]}} all sound like {{IPA|/t/}}, and {{IPA|[ɖ ɖʱ d dʱ]}} all sound like {{IPA|/d/}}. However, to a Hindi-Urdu-speaker's ear, each is a very different sound. {{IPA|[t d]}} are like the Spanish or French {{IPA|[t d]}}, with the tongue touching the teeth. {{IPA|[tʰ dʱ]}} are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English [{{IPA link|θ}} {{IPA link|ð}}] (the ''th'' and ''dh'' sounds). Hindi-Urdu {{IPA|[ʈ ɖ]}} are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth mid-palate. {{IPA|[ʈʰ ɖʱ]}} are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English ''t d'', and {{IPA|[ʈ]}} is how they hear the English ''t'' after an ''s'' (as in ''st'').</ref>
| ट || ṭa || ٹ || style="text-align:left;" | ca'''rt'''s
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| ठ || ṭha || ٹھ || style="text-align:left;" | '''tr'''ip
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big><ref name=vwallophone>{{IPAblink|v}}, {{IPAblink|w}} and intermediate [{{IPA link|ʋ}}] are [[allophone|allophonic]] in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as ''vrat'' ('व्रत', 'ورت', religious fast), are pronounced with {{IPA|[v]}}; others, such as ''pakwan'' ('पकवान', 'پكوان', cooked food), are pronounced with {{IPA|[w]}}.</ref>
| व || va || و || style="text-align:left;" | varies between ''w'' and ''v''
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|x}}</big>
| ख़ || k͟ha || خ || style="text-align:left;" | [[Scottish English|Scottish]] Lo'''ch''' (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for {{IPA|[kʰ]}} (ख) in Hindi)
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|z}}</big>
| ज़ || za || ذ، ز، ض، ظ || style="text-align:left;" | '''z'''en
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big>
| झ़ || zha || ژ || style="text-align:left;" | plea'''s'''ure
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5"| [[Vowel]]s
|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[Devanagari|Hindi]] !! [[ISO 15919]] !![[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]!! Approximate English equivalent
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|aː}}</big>
| आ, पा || ā || آ, بَا || style="text-align:left;" | f'''a'''r
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
| ए, पे || ē || اے، بے || style="text-align:left;" | Y'''a'''le
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>
| ऐ, पै || ai || اَے، بَے || style="text-align:left;" | h'''e'''n
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big><ref>{{IPA|/ɛ/}} occurs as a conditioned allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} near an {{IPA|/h/}} surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa undergoes syncopation, and the resultant is just an {{IPA|/ɛ/}} preceding an {{IPA|/h/}}.</ref>
| अ, प || a || اَ، بَ || style="text-align:left;" | str'''u'''t
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big><ref name=V/>
| ई, पी || ī || اِی، بِی || style="text-align:left;" | f'''ee'''d
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big><ref name=V>{{IPA|/iː, ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/uː, ʊ/}} are neutralised to {{IPAblink|i}}, {{IPAblink|u}} at the end of a word.</ref>
| इ, पि || i || اِ، بِ || style="text-align:left;" | d'''i'''ll
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
| ओ, पो || ō || او، بو || style="text-align:left;" | st'''o'''ry
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɔː}}</big>
| औ, पौ || au || اَو، بَو || style="text-align:left;" | d'''o'''g
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big><ref name=V/>
| ऊ, पू || ū || اُو، بُو || style="text-align:left;" | m'''oo'''n
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big><ref name=V/>
| उ, पु || u || اُ، بُ || style="text-align:left;" | w'''oo'''d
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|r|rɪ}}</big>
| ऋ, पृ || r̥ || ری، پر || style="text-align: left;" | (mostly Hindi, Urdu uses {{IPA|[r]}} (ر)).
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|◌̃}}</big>
| ँ || m̐ || ـں || style="text-align:left;" | nasal vowel fa'''un'''<br>({{IPA|[ãː, õː]}}, etc.)
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5"| [[Suprasegmental]]s
|-
! [[Hindi phonology|IPA]] !! [[Devanagari|Hindi]] !! [[ISO 15919]] !![[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]!! Approximate English equivalent
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ˈ|ˈ◌}}</big>
| || || || style="text-align: left;" | stress<br>(placed before stressed syllable)
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ː|◌ː}}</big>
| || || || style="text-align: left;" | doubled consonant<br>(placed after doubled consonant)
|}
|}
[[Kategori:Bantuan Alfabet Fonetik Internasional]]
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