Sistem imun: Perbedaan antara revisi

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=== Evolusi sistem imun ===
[[Sistem kekebalan adaptif|Sistem imun adaptif]] dengan berbagai komponennya tampaknya muncul pada [[vertebrata]] pertama, sementara [[invertebrata]] tidak menghasilkan limfosit atau respons humoral berupa [[antibodi]].<ref name="Beck">{{cite journal|last=Beck|first=Gregory|date=November 1996|title=Immunity and the Invertebrates|url=http://www.scs.carleton.ca/~soma/biosec/readings/sharkimmu-sciam-Nov1996.pdf|format=[[PDF]]|journal=Scientific American|pages=60–66|accessdate=2007-01-01|coauthors=Gail S. Habicht}}</ref> Namun, banyak spesies yang memanfaatkan mekanisme-mekanisme yang agaknya merupakan prekursor imunitas vertebrata. Sistem imun pun dimiliki oleh organisme yang paling sederhana, misalnya bakteri menggunakan mekanisme pertahanan unik yang disebut [[sistem modifikasi restriksi]] untuk melindungi diri mereka dari patogen virus yang disebut [[bakteriofag]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bickle T, Krüger D | title = Biology of DNA restriction | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=372918&blobtype=pdf | journal = Microbiol Rev | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 434-50 | year = 1993 | id = PMID 8336674}}</ref>
 
Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference.[82][83] Prokaryotes also possess other defense mechanisms.[84][85] Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few.[86]
 
Prokariota juga memiliki imunitas adaptif melalui sistem yang menggunakan urutan [[CRISPR]] untuk mempertahankan fragmen genom dari [[bakteriofag]] yang pernah ditemui sebelumnya, yang memungkinkan prokariota menghalangi replikasi virus dalam bentuk [[interferensi RNA]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, Romero DA, Horvath P | title = CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes | journal = Science | volume = 315 | issue = 5819 | pages = 1709–12 | date = Mar 2007 | pmid = 17379808 | doi = 10.1126/science.1138140 | bibcode = 2007Sci...315.1709B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brouns SJ, Jore MM, Lundgren M, Westra ER, Slijkhuis RJ, Snijders AP, Dickman MJ, Makarova KS, Koonin EV, van der Oost J | title = Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes | journal = Science | volume = 321 | issue = 5891 | pages = 960–4 | date = Aug 2008 | pmid = 18703739 | pmc = 5898235 | doi = 10.1126/science.1159689 | bibcode = 2008Sci...321..960B }}</ref> <!--Prokariota juga memiliki mekanisme pertahanan lain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hille|first=Frank|last2=Charpentier|first2=Emmanuelle|date=2016|title=CRISPR-Cas: biology, mechanisms and relevance|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1707/20150496|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B|volume=371|issue=1707|pages=20150496|via=|doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0496|pmid=27672148|pmc=5052741}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koonin|first=Eugene V.|date=2017|title=Evolution of RNA- and DNA-guided antivirus defense systems in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: common ancestry vs convergence|journal=Biology Direct|volume=12|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.1186/s13062-017-0177-2|issn=1745-6150|pmc=5303251|pmid=28187792}}</ref>--> Unsur-unsur penyerang pada sistem imun tubuh juga terdapat pada eukariota uniseluler, tetapi belum banyak penelitian tentang peranan sistem tersebut dalam pertahanan.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bayne CJ | year = 2003 | title = Origins and evolutionary relationships between the innate and adaptive arms of immune systems | url = | journal = Integr. Comp. Biol. | volume = 43 | issue = 2| pages = 293–299 | pmid = 21680436 | doi=10.1093/icb/43.2.293}}</ref>