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Pada tanggal [[7 Juni]] [[1967]], pertarungan berat terjadi kemudian. Pasukan payung Gur memasuki kota tua [[Yerusalem]] melewati [[Gerbang Singa]] dan merebut [[Tembok Ratapan]] serta [[Al Haram Al Sharif]]. Brigade Yerusalem lalu memperkuat mereka, dan melanjutkan serangan ke selatan, merebut Yudea, Gush Etzion dan [[Hebron]]. Brigade Harel melanjutkan serangan ke timur, bergerak menuju [[Sungai Yordan]]. Pada hari yang sama, tentara Israel merebut [[Betlehem]] setelah pertempuran singkat yang mengakibatkan tewasnya 40 tentara Yordania. Di Tepi Barat, salah satu brigade Peled mengepung [[Nablus]] lalu bergabung dengan salah satu brigade pasukan utama untuk bertempur melawan pasukan Yordania yang memiliki jumlah persenjataan lebih banyak dari Israel.
Kekuasaan udara Israel menjadi faktor kekalahan Yordania. Salah satu brigade Peled bergabung dengan pasukan utama yang datang dari Ramallah, dan 2 lainnya mengeblok Sungai Yordan bersama dengan Pasukan Utama ke-10 (nantinya mereka menyebrangi Sungai Yordan ke Tepi Timur untuk menyediakan tempat untuk insinyur militer ketika mereka meledakkan jembatan, tetapi akhirnya dengan cepat mundur karena tekanan dari [[Amerika Serikat]]).<!--
=== West Bank ===
{{See also|Jordanian campaign (1967)}}
[[File:1967 Six Day War - The Jordan salient.jpg|thumb|400px|The Jordan [[Salients, re-entrants and pockets|salient]], 5–7 June.]]
Jordan was reluctant to enter the war. [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] used the [[Fog of war|confusion]] of the first hours of the conflict to convince [[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]] that he was victorious; he claimed as evidence a radar sighting of a squadron of Israeli aircraft returning from bombing raids in Egypt, which he said was an Egyptian aircraft en route to attack Israel.<ref>Oren 2002, pp. 184–185.</ref> One of the Jordanian brigades stationed in the [[West Bank]] was sent to the [[Hebron]] area in order to link with the Egyptians. Hussein decided to attack.
The IDF's strategic plan was to remain on the defensive along the Jordanian front, to enable focus in the expected campaign against Egypt.
Intermittent machine-gun exchanges began taking place in Jerusalem at 9:30 am, and the fighting gradually escalated as the Jordanians introduced mortar and recoilless rifle fire. Under the orders from General Narkis, the Israelis responded only with small-arms fire, firing in a flat trajectory to avoid hitting civilians, holy sites or the Old City. At 10:00 am on 5 June, the [[Jordanian Army]] began shelling Israel. Two batteries of 155 mm [[155 mm Long Tom|Long Tom]] cannons opened fire on the suburbs of [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Ramat David Airbase]]. The commanders of these batteries were instructed to lay a two-hour barrage against military and civilian settlements in central Israel. Some shells hit the outskirts of [[Tel Aviv]].<ref name="Washington Institute for Near East Policy 2002">"On June 5, Israel sent a message to Hussein urging him not to open fire. Despite shelling into West Jerusalem, Netanya, and the outskirts of Tel Aviv, Israel did nothing." [http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2080 The Six Day War and Its Enduring Legacy]. Summary of remarks by Michael Oren at the [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], 29 May 2002.</ref>
By 10:30 am, Eshkol had sent a message via [[Odd Bull]] to [[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]] promising not to initiate any action against Jordan if it stayed out of the war.<ref name="Neff1984">{{cite book|author=Donald Neff|title=Warriors for Jerusalem: the six days that changed the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaNtAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Linden Press/Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-45485-2|p=205|quote=Odd Bull: "[the message] was a threat, pure and simple and it is not the normal practice of the U.N. to pass on threats from one government to another." However, as "…this message seemed so important… we quickly sent it…and King Hussein received the message before 10:30 the same morning."}}</ref> King Hussein replied that it was too late, "[[alea iacta est|the die was cast]]".<ref name="Shlaim2000p243" /> At 11:15 am, Jordanian howitzers began a 6,000-shell barrage at Israeli Jerusalem. The Jordanians initially targeted [[kibbutz]] [[Ramat Rachel]] in the south and [[Mount Scopus]] in the north, then ranged into the city center and outlying neighborhoods. Military installations, the Prime Minister's Residence, and the [[Knesset]] compound were also targeted. Israeli civilian casualties totalled 20 dead and about 1,000 wounded. Some 900 buildings were damaged, including [[Hadassah Medical Center|Hadassah Ein Kerem Hospital]].<ref name="Oren, p. 185-187">Oren, pp. 185–87</ref>
At 11:50 am, sixteen Jordanian Hawker Hunters attacked [[Netanya]], [[Kfar Sirkin]] and [[Kfar Saba]], killing one civilian, wounding seven and destroying a transport plane. Three Iraqi Hawker Hunters strafed civilian settlements in the Jezreel Valley, and an Iraqi [[Tupolev Tu-16]] attacked [[Afula]], and was shot down near the Megiddo airfield. The attack caused minimal material damage, hitting only a senior citizens' home and several chicken coops, but sixteen Israeli soldiers were killed, most of them when the Tupolev crashed.<ref name="Oren, p. 185-187" />
==== Israeli cabinet meets ====
When the [[Cabinet of Israel|Israeli cabinet]] convened to decide what to do, [[Yigal Allon]] and [[Menahem Begin]] argued that this was an opportunity to take the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]], but [[Levi Eshkol|Eshkol]] decided to defer any decision until [[Moshe Dayan]] and [[Yitzhak Rabin]] could be consulted.<ref name="Shlaim p244">Shlaim, 2001, p. 244.</ref> [[Uzi Narkiss]] made a number of proposals for military action, including the capture of [[Latrun]], but the cabinet turned him down.
Dayan rejected multiple requests from Narkiss for permission to mount an infantry assault towards Mount Scopus. However, Dayan sanctioned a number of more limited retaliatory actions.<ref name="Oren, p. 187-188">Oren, pp. 187–88</ref>
==== Initial response ====
Shortly before 12:30 pm, the [[Israeli Air Force]] attacked Jordan's two airbases. The Hawker Hunters were refueling at the time of the attack. The Israeli aircraft attacked in two waves, the first of which cratered the runways and knocked out the control towers, and the second wave destroyed all 21 of Jordan's Hawker Hunter fighters, along with six transport aircraft and two helicopters. One Israeli jet was shot down by ground fire.<ref name="Oren, p. 187-188" />
Israeli aircraft also attacked H-3, an [[Iraqi Air Force]] base in western Iraq. During the attack, 12 MiG-21s, 2 MiG-17s, 5 Hunter F6s, and 3 Il-28 bombers were destroyed or shot down. A [[Saiful Azam|Pakistani pilot stationed at the base]] shot down an Israeli fighter and a bomber during the raid. The Jordanian radar facility at [[Ajloun]] was destroyed in an Israeli airstrike. Israeli [[Fouga Magister]] jets attacked the Jordanian 40th Brigade with rockets as it moved south from the [[Damia Bridge|Damiya Bridge]]. Dozens of tanks were knocked out, and a convoy of 26 trucks carrying ammunition was destroyed. In Jerusalem, Israel responded to Jordanian shelling with a missile strike that devastated Jordanian positions. The Israelis used the L missile, a [[surface-to-surface]] missile developed jointly with [[France]] in secret.<ref name="Oren, p. 187-188" />
==== Jordanian battalion at Government House ====
{{Further|Battle of Ammunition Hill}}
A Jordanian battalion advanced up Government House ridge and dug in at the perimeter of Government House, the headquarters of the United Nations observers,<ref name="UNISPAL1347">{{cite web|url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/CD0BEBA6A1E28EFF0525672800567B2C |title=United Nations June 5, 1967 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226202011/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/CD0BEBA6A1E28EFF0525672800567B2C |archivedate=26 December 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>Oren, p. 187</ref><ref name="Shlaim p245">Shlaim 2001, p. 245.</ref> and opened fire on Ramat Rachel, the Allenby Barracks and the Jewish section of [[Abu Tor]] with mortars and recoilless rifles. UN observers fiercely protested the incursion into the neutral zone, and several manhandled a Jordanian machine gun out of Government House after the crew had set it up in a second-floor window. After the Jordanians occupied [[Jabel Mukaber]], an advance patrol was sent out and approached Ramat Rachel, where they came under fire from four civilians, including the wife of the director, who were armed with old Czech-made weapons.<ref>Oren, p. 188–89</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pacificamilitary.com/books/f-sixDaysInJune.html |title=Pacifica Military History – Free Samples |publisher=Pacificamilitary.com |date=5 June 1967 |accessdate=1 February 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Ammunition Hill Museum Exhibits P1010036.JPG|thumb|Israeli paratroopers flush out Jordanian soldiers from trenches during the [[Battle of Ammunition Hill]].]]
[[File:Ammunition Hill Museum Exhibits P1010039.JPG|thumb|Silhouette of Israeli paratroops advancing on Ammunition Hill.]]
The immediate Israeli response was an offensive to retake Government House and its ridge. The Jerusalem Brigade's Reserve Battalion 161, under Lieutenant-Colonel Asher Dreizin, was given the task. Dreizin had two infantry companies and eight tanks under his command, several of which broke down or became stuck in the mud at Ramat Rachel, leaving three for the assault. The Jordanians mounted fierce resistance, knocking out two tanks.<ref name="Oren, p. 191-192">Oren, pp. 191–92</ref>
The Israelis broke through the compound's western gate and began clearing the building with grenades, before General [[Odd Bull]], commander of the UN observers, compelled the Israelis to hold their fire, telling them that the Jordanians had already fled. The Israelis proceeded to take the Antenna Hill, directly behind Government House, and clear out a series of bunkers to the west and south. The fighting, often conducted hand-to-hand, continued for nearly four hours before the surviving Jordanians fell back to trenches held by the Hittin Brigade, which were steadily overwhelmed. By 6:30 pm, the Jordanians had retreated to [[Bethlehem]], having suffered about 100 casualties. All but ten of Dreizin's soldiers were casualties, and Dreizin himself was wounded three times.<ref name="Oren, p. 191-192" />
==== Israeli invasion ====
During the late afternoon of 5 June, the Israelis launched an offensive to encircle Jerusalem, which lasted into the following day. During the night, they were supported by intense tank, artillery and mortar fire to soften up Jordanian positions. Searchlights placed atop the Labor Federation building, then the tallest in Israeli Jerusalem, exposed and blinded the Jordanians. The Jerusalem Brigade moved south of Jerusalem, while the mechanized [[Harel Brigade]] and [[55th Paratroopers Brigade]] under [[Mordechai Gur]] encircled it from the north.<ref name="Oren, p.222">Oren, p. 222</ref>
A combined force of tanks and paratroopers crossed no-man's land near the [[Mandelbaum Gate]]. One of Gur's paratroop battalions approached the fortified Police Academy. The Israelis used [[bangalore torpedo]]es to blast their way through barbed wire leading up to the position while exposed and under heavy fire. With the aid of two tanks borrowed from the Jerusalem Brigade, they captured the Police Academy. After receiving reinforcements, they moved up to attack [[Ammunition hill|Ammunition Hill]].<ref name="Oren, p.222" /><ref name="Jordanian Front">http://www.sixdaywar.org/contest/easternfront.asp{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The Jordanian defenders, who were heavily dug-in, fiercely resisted the attack. All of the Israeli officers except for two company commanders were killed, and the fighting was mostly led by individual soldiers. The fighting was conducted at close quarters in trenches and bunkers, and was often hand-to-hand. The Israelis captured the position after four hours of heavy fighting. During the battle, 36 Israeli and 71 Jordanian soldiers were killed.<ref name="Oren, p.222" /><ref name="Jordanian Front" />
The battalion subsequently drove east, and linked up with the Israeli enclave on [[Mount Scopus]] and its [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|Hebrew University]] campus. Gur's other battalions captured the other Jordanian positions around the [[American Colony, Jerusalem|American Colony]], despite being short on men and equipment and having come under a Jordanian mortar bombardment while waiting for the signal to advance.<ref name="Oren, p.222" /><ref name="Jordanian Front" />
At the same time, the mechanized [[Harel Brigade]] attacked the fortress at [[Latrun]], which the Jordanians had abandoned due to heavy Israeli tank fire. The brigade attacked [[Har Adar]], but seven tanks were knocked out by mines, forcing the infantry to mount an assault without armoured cover. The Israeli soldiers advanced under heavy fire, jumping between stones to avoid mines. The fighting was conducted at close-quarters, often with knives and bayonets.
The Jordanians fell back after a battle that left two Israeli and eight Jordanian soldiers dead, and Israeli forces advanced through [[Beth-Horon|Beit Horon]] towards [[Ramallah]], taking four fortified villages along the way. By the evening, the brigade arrived in Ramallah. Meanwhile, the 163rd Infantry Battalion secured [[Abu Tor]] following a fierce battle, severing the Old City from Bethlehem and Hebron.
Meanwhile, 600 Egyptian commandos stationed in the West Bank moved to attack Israeli airfields. Led by Jordanian intelligence scouts, they crossed the border and began infiltrating through Israeli settlements towards [[Ramla]] and [[Hatzor]]. They were soon detected and sought shelter in nearby fields, which the Israelis set on fire. Some 450 commandos were killed, and the remainder escaped to Jordan.<ref name="Oren203">Oren, p. 203</ref>
From the American Colony, the paratroopers moved towards the Old City. Their plan was to approach it via the lightly defended Salah al-Din Street. However, they made a wrong turn onto the heavily defended Nablus Road. The Israelis ran into fierce resistance. Their tanks fired at point-blank range down the street, while the paratroopers mounted repeated charges. Despite repelling repeated Israeli charges, the Jordanians gradually gave way to Israeli firepower and momentum. The Israelis suffered some 30 casualties – half the original force – while the Jordanians lost 45 dead and 142 wounded.<ref name="Oren, p. 222-223">Oren, pp. 222–23</ref>
Meanwhile, the Israeli 71st Battalion breached barbed wire and minefields and emerged near Wadi Joz, near the base of Mount Scopus, from where the Old City could be cut off from Jericho and East Jerusalem from Ramallah. Israeli artillery targeted the one remaining route from Jerusalem to the West Bank, and shellfire deterred the Jordanians from counterattacking from their positions at Augusta-Victoria. An Israeli detachment then captured the [[Rockefeller Museum]] after a brief skirmish.<ref name="Oren, p. 222-223" />
Afterwards, the Israelis broke through to the Jerusalem-Ramallah road. At Tel al-Ful, the Israelis fought a running battle with up to thirty Jordanian tanks. The Jordanians stalled the advance and destroyed a number of half-tracks, but the Israelis launched air attacks and exploited the vulnerability of the external fuel tanks mounted on the Jordanian tanks. The Jordanians lost half their tanks, and retreated towards [[Jericho]]. Joining up with the 4th Brigade, the Israelis then descended through [[Shuafat]] and the site of what is now [[French Hill]], through Jordanian defenses at Mivtar, emerging at Ammunition Hill.<ref>Oren, p. 224</ref>
[[File:Ammunition Hill Museum Exhibits P1010035.JPG|thumb|An Israeli airstrike near the Augusta-Victoria Hospital]]
With Jordanian defenses in Jerusalem crumbling, elements of the Jordanian 60th Brigade and an infantry battalion were sent from Jericho to reinforce Jerusalem. Its original orders were to repel the Israelis from the Latrun corridor, but due to the worsening situation in Jerusalem, the brigade was ordered to proceed to Jerusalem's Arab suburbs and attack [[Mount Scopus]]. Parallel to the brigade were infantrymen from the Imam Ali Brigade, who were approaching [[Al-Issawiya|Issawiya]]. The brigades were spotted by Israeli aircraft and decimated by rocket and cannon fire. Other Jordanian attempts to reinforce Jerusalem were beaten back, either by armoured ambushes or airstrikes.
Fearing damage to holy sites and the prospect of having to fight in built-up areas, Dayan ordered his troops not to enter the Old City.<ref name="Shlaim p244" /> He also feared that Israel would be subjected to a fierce international backlash and the outrage of Christians worldwide if it forced its way into the Old City. Privately, he told [[David Ben-Gurion]] that he was also concerned over the prospect of Israel capturing Jerusalem's holy sites, only to be forced to give them up under the threat of international sanctions.
==== The West Bank (7 June) ====
On 7 June, heavy fighting ensued. Dayan had ordered his troops not to enter the Old City; however, upon hearing that the UN was about to declare a ceasefire, he changed his mind, and without cabinet clearance, decided to capture it.<ref name="Shlaim p244" /> Two paratroop battalions attacked Augusta-Victoria Hill, high ground overlooking the Old City from the east. One battalion attacked from Mount Scopus, and another attacked from the valley between it and the Old City. Another paratroop battalion, personally led by Gur, broke into the Old City, and was joined by the other two battalions after their missions were complete. The paratroopers met little resistance. The fighting was conducted solely by the paratroopers; the Israelis did not use armour during the battle out of fear of severe damage to the Old City.
In the north, one battalion from Peled's division was sent to check Jordanian defenses in the Jordan Valley. A brigade belonging to Peled's division captured the western part of the West Bank. One brigade attacked Jordanian artillery positions around [[Jenin]], which were shelling [[Ramat David Airbase]]. The Jordanian 12th Armored Battalion, which outnumbered the Israelis, held off repeated attempts to capture Jenin. However, Israeli air attacks took their toll, and the Jordanian [[M48 Patton]]s, with their external fuel tanks, proved vulnerable at short distances, even to the Israeli-modified Shermans. Twelve Jordanian tanks were destroyed, and only six remained operational.<ref name="Oren203" />
[[File:Soldiers Western Wall 1967.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[David Rubinger]]'s famed photograph of [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] paratroopers at [[Jerusalem]]'s [[Western Wall]] shortly after its capture. From left to right: Zion Karasenti, Yitzhak Yifat, and Haim Oshri.{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|none}}]]
Just after dusk, Israeli reinforcements arrived. The Jordanians continued to fiercely resist, and the Israelis were unable to advance without artillery and air support. One Israeli jet attacked the Jordanian commander's tank, wounding him and killing his radio operator and intelligence officer. The surviving Jordanian forces then withdrew to Jenin, where they were reinforced by the 25th Infantry Brigade. The Jordanians were effectively surrounded in Jenin.<ref name="Oren203" />
Jordanian infantry and their three remaining tanks managed to hold off the Israelis until 4:00 am, when three battalions arrived to reinforce them in the afternoon. The Jordanian tanks charged, and knocked out multiple Israeli vehicles, and the tide began to shift. After sunrise, Israeli jets and artillery conducted a two-hour bombardment against the Jordanians. The Jordanians lost 10 dead and 250 wounded, and had only seven tanks left, including two without gas, and sixteen APCs. The Israelis then fought their way into Jenin, and captured the city after fierce fighting.<ref>Oren, p. 219</ref>
After the Old City fell, the Jerusalem Brigade reinforced the paratroopers, and continued to the south, capturing [[Judea]] and [[Gush Etzion]]. [[Hebron]] was taken without any resistance. Fearful that Israeli soldiers would exact retribution for the [[1929 Hebron massacre|1929 massacre]] of the city's Jewish community, Hebron's residents flew white sheets from their windows and rooftops, and voluntarily gave up their weapons. {{citation needed|date=December 2015}} The Harel Brigade proceeded eastward, descending to the [[Jordan River]].
On 7 June, Israeli forces seized [[Bethlehem]], taking the city after a brief battle that left some 40 Jordanian soldiers dead, with the remainder fleeing. On the same day, one of Peled's brigades seized [[Nablus]]; then it joined one of Central Command's armoured brigades to fight the Jordanian forces; as the Jordanians held the advantage of superior equipment and were equal in numbers to the Israelis.
Again, the air superiority of the IAF proved paramount as it immobilized the Jordanians, leading to their defeat. One of Peled's brigades joined with its Central Command counterparts coming from Ramallah, and the remaining two blocked the Jordan river crossings together with the Central Command's 10th. [[Combat Engineering Corps|Engineering Corps]] sappers blew up the Abdullah and Hussein bridges with captured Jordanian mortar shells, while elements of the Harel Brigade crossed the river and occupied positions along the east bank to cover them, but quickly pulled back due to American pressure. The Jordanians, anticipating an Israeli offensive deep into Jordan, assembled the remnants of their army and Iraqi units in Jordan to protect the western approaches to [[Amman]] and the southern slopes of the [[Golan Heights]].
No specific decision had been made to capture any other territories controlled by Jordan. After the Old City was captured, Dayan told his troops to dig in to hold it. When an armoured brigade commander entered the West Bank on his own initiative, and stated that he could see [[Jericho]], Dayan ordered him back. It was only after intelligence reports indicated that Hussein had withdrawn his forces across the Jordan River that Dayan ordered his troops to capture the West Bank.<ref name="Shlaim p245" /> According to Narkis:
<blockquote>First, the Israeli government had no intention of capturing the West Bank. On the contrary, it was opposed to it. Second, there was not any provocation on the part of the IDF. Third, the rein was only loosened when a real threat to Jerusalem's security emerged. This is truly how things happened on June 5, although it is difficult to believe. The end result was something that no one had planned.<ref>Shlaim 2001, p. 246.</ref></blockquote>-->
=== Dataran Tinggi Golan ===
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