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'''Enver Hoxha''', ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/ɛn'vɛɾ 'hɔʤa/}}, [[16 Oktober]] [[1908]]–[[11 April]] [[1985]]) adalah pemimpin [[Albania]] pada akhir [[Perang Dunia II]] hingga meninggalnya pada tahun 1985 sebagai [[Sekretaris Jenderal|Sekretaris Pertama]] [[Partai Buruh Albania]] era [[Komunis]]. Ia juga [[Perdana Menteri Albania]] pada [[1944]] - [[1954]] dan [[Menteri Luar Negeri Albania]] ([[1946]] - [[1953]]). <!--Under Hoxha, whose rule was characterized by isolation from the rest of [[Europe]] and, according to his adherents, by firm adherence to [[Marxism-Leninism]], Albania's government projected the image that it had emerged from semi-[[feudalism]] to become an [[industrialization|industrialized]] state.-->
== Biografi ==
<!--Hoxha was born in [[Gjirokastër]], a city in southern Albania that has been home to many prominent families. He was the son of a cloth merchant who travelled widely across Europe during his childhood, and the major influence on Enver during these years was his uncle, Hysen Hoxha ({{IPA|/hy'sɛn 'hɔʤa/}}). Hysen Hoxha was a militant who campaigned vigorously for the independence of Albania - which occurred when Enver was four years old - and opposed the repressive governments that prevailed after independence. Enver took to these ideas very strongly, especially after [[Zog of Albania|King Zog]] came to power in 1928.
In 1930, he went to study at the [[University of Montpellier]] in [[France]] on a state scholarship, but he soon dropped out. From 1934 to 1936 he was a secretary at the Albanian consulate in [[Brussels]]. He also studied [[law]] at the [[university]] there. He returned to Albania in 1936 and became a teacher in [[Korçë]].
Hoxha was dismissed from his teaching post following the 1939 [[Italy|Italian]] invasion of [[World War II]] for refusing to join the [[Albanian Fascist Party]]. He opened a [[tobacco]] shop in [[Tiranë]] where soon a small communist group started gathering. He was helped by [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] communists to found and become leader of the Albanian Communist Party (called Party of Labour afterwards) in November 1941, as well as the resistance movement (National Liberation Army), which took power in November 1944.
Hoxha declared himself an orthodox [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] and strongly admired [[Joseph Stalin]]. He adopted the model of the [[Soviet Union]] and severed relations with his former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] communist allies following their ideological breach with Moscow in 1948. He had defence minister [[Koçi Xoxe]] ({{IPA|/'kɔʧi 'ʣɔʣɛ/}}) executed a year later for alleged pro-Yugoslav activities.
Hoxha's regime confiscated farmland from wealthy landowners and consolidated it into collective farms ([[Cooperative]]s), imprisoning and executing thousands in the process. The Hoxha regime propaganda took great pride in claiming that Albania had become completely self-sufficient in food crops during communist rule, as well as developing an Albanian industry and bringing electricity to most rural areas, all the while stamping out illiteracy and disease.
[[Berkas:Albania bunkers.jpg|thumb|[[Pill box]]es in [[Albania]] built during Hoxha's rule to avert possible internal revolution or external invasion. Over half a million were built; most have now been removed.]]
However, the opening of the Albanian borders to the outside world, following the collapse of the communist regime, revealed a completely different picture. Albania was not the industrialized, advanced nation of communist party propaganda, but in fact a country that was backward, not only by Western standards, but also by those of other Eastern Bloc countries such as [[Bulgaria]] and [[Romania]]. The vaunted industry of Albania was, in fact, fictional, while the farming collectives used agricultural methods of the previous century. Telephone communication, long established in every household in Albania's neighbouring countries, was rare in most areas; while communist propaganda claimed telephone use was "available for everyone through communal telephone offices" posited "throughout Albania", in fact, very few Albanians other than higher-echelon party apparatchiks had access to such services. Worker wages and living standards were remarkably low by European standards, a fact that led to a massive exodus of Albanian workers into neighbouring Greece and Italy, where they could sustain better standards of living as illegal immigrants, than they did in their country as nationals.
Despite his grandstanding, it appeared that Hoxha's major legacy was a complex of over 600,000 one-man concrete [[bunker]]s across a country of 3 million inhabitants, to act as look-outs and gun emplacements, pointed against towns and villages just as often as they were outside of them. The paranoid nature of Hoxha's character, who was beset by fears of American invasion just as much as internal revolution, was apparent in the design.
Hoxha had remained a firm Stalinist despite new Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s repudiation of Stalin's excesses in 1956 at the [[Twentieth Party Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Communist Party]], and this meant Albania's isolation from the rest of communist Eastern Europe. In 1960, Hoxha aligned Albania with the [[People's Republic of China]], which also continued to uphold Stalin's legacy, in the [[Sino-Soviet split]], severing relations with [[Moscow]] the following year. In 1968, Albania withdrew from the [[Warsaw Pact]] in response to the Soviet-led invasion of [[Czechoslovakia]].
Hoxha's internal policies were true to the Stalinist paradigm he admired, and the personality cult organized around him held striking resemblance to that of Stalin. Internally, the "Sigurimi" Albanian secret police made sure to replicate the repressive methods of the [[NKVD]], [[MGB]], [[KGB]], and [[Stasi]]. Its activities permeated Albanian society to the extent that every third citizen had either served time in labor camps or been interrogated by Sigurimi officers. To eliminate dissent, the government resorted systematically to purges, in which opponents were dismissed from their jobs, imprisoned in forced-labour camps, and often executed. Travel abroad was forbidden to all but those on official business, in order to sustain the myth of an advanced Albania. Any trace of individuality and creativity in cultural life was stifled, as the arts and belles lettres were allowed to exist only to the degree they served as mouthpieces for the government.
In 1967, following two decades of progressively harsher persecution of [[religion]] under his rule, Hoxha triumphantly declared his nation to be the first and only officially [[atheism|atheist]] state in history. Partly inspired by China's [[Cultural Revolution]], he proceeded to confiscate mosques, churches, monasteries, and shrines. Many were immediately razed, others turned into machine shops, warehouses, stables, and [[film|movie]] theaters. Parents were forbidden to give their children religious names. Anyone caught with the [[Qur'an]], [[Bible]]s, [[icon]]s, or religious objects faced long prison sentences.
According to a landmark [[Amnesty International]] report published in 1984, Albania's [[human rights]] record was dismal under Hoxha. The regime denied its citizens [[freedom of expression]], religion, movement, and association although the [[constitution]] of 1976 ostensibly guaranteed each of these rights. In fact, certain clauses in the constitution effectively circumscribed the exercise of political liberties that the regime interpreted as contrary to the established order. In addition, the regime denied the population access to information other than that disseminated by the government-controlled media. The [[Sigurimi]] routinely violated the privacy of persons, homes, and communications and made arbitrary arrests. The courts ensured that verdicts were rendered from the party's political perspective instead of affording due process to the accused, who were often sentenced without even the formality of a trial.
Hoxha was unhappy with China's rapprochment with the USA in the early seventies. He had himself normalised relations with Albania's neighbours immediately before. Mao's death in 1976 and the defeat of the [[Gang of Four (China)|Gang of Four]] in China's subsequent inner-party struggle in 1977 and 1978 led to the [[Sino-Albanian split]] and Albania's retreat into political isolation, with Hoxha claiming the [[anti-revisionist]] mantle to criticize both [[Moscow]] and [[Beijing]]. Deprived of its last main trading partner, Hoxha's Albania became a near-[[autarky]] from 1976 onwards.
[[Berkas:Grave Hoxha.jpg|thumb|Hoxha was exhumed in 1992 and informally reburied. The picture shows his second grave.]]
In 1981, Hoxha ordered the execution of several party and government officials in a new purge. Prime Minister [[Mehmet Shehu]] was reported to have committed suicide following a further dispute within the Albanian leadership in December 1981, but it is often believed that he was killed.
Later, Hoxha withdrew into semi-retirement and turned most state functions over to [[Ramiz Alia]].
Hoxha's death on [[April 11]], [[1985]] left Albania with a legacy of repression, technological backwardness, isolation, and fear of the outside world. As communist party rule weakened throughout Eastern Europe, his succession by [[Ramiz Alia]] led to some relaxation in internal and foreign policies, culminating in Albania's abandonment of one-party rule in 1990 and the reformed Socialist Party's defeat in the 1992 elections.-->
== Lihat pula ==
{{lifetime|1908|1985|}}
[[Kategori:Perdana Menteri Albania]]
[[Kategori:Komunis]]
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