Filipus V dari Makedonia: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Infobox royalty|name=Filipus V|image=Philip V of Macedon BM.jpg|caption=<small>Didrachma Filipus V dari Makedonia</small>|succession=[[Basileus]] [[Makedonia (kerajaan kuno)|Makedonia]]|reign=221–179 SM

 

 

|birth_date=238 SM

|father=[[:en:Demetrius II of Macedon|Demetrius II Aetolicus]]

 

|mother=Chryseis

 

[[Berkas:Mediterranean_at_218_BC-en.svg|ka|jmpl|Dunia Mediterania pada tahun 218 SM]]

Setelah Perdamaian Naupactus pada tahun 217 SM, Filipus V berusaha untuk menggantikan pengaruh [[Republik Romawi|Romawi]] di sepanjang pantai timur [[Laut Adriatik|Adriatik]], membentuk aliansi atau memberikan perlindungan pada pulau dan provinsi pantai tertentu seperti [[Lato]] di [[Kreta]]. Mula-mula ia berupaya menyerang [Illyria]] dari laut, tetapi dengan keberhasilan terbatas. Ekspedisi pertamnya pada tahun 216 SM harus dibatalkan, sementara ia menderita kehilangan seluruh armada lautnya pada ekspedisi kedua pada tahun 214 SM. Ekspedisi kemudian dari daratan berhasil baik ketika ia merebut [[Lissus]] pada tahun 212 SM.

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[[Image:ThermoAitolias.jpg|thumb|right|The ruins of [[Thermo, Greece|Thermo]] capital of the [[Aetolian League]], a town which was sacked by the army of Philip V.]]

Rome's alliance with the [[Aetolian League]] in 211 BC effectively neutralised Philip's advantage on land. The intervention of [[Attalus I of Pergamum]] on the Roman side further exposed Philip's position in Macedonia. Philip was able to take advantage of the withdrawal of Attalus from the Greek mainland in 207 BC, along with Roman inactivity and the increasing role of [[Philopoemen]], the [[strategos]] of the [[Achaean League]]. Philip and his troops sacked [[Thermo, Greece|Thermum]], the religious and political centre of [[Aetolia]]. His troops destroyed 2,000 statues and hauled away vast sums of treasure which included some fifteen thousand [[shield]]s and suits of arms the Aetolians had decorated their [[stoa]]s with. These shields were the armor taken from the enemies of the Aetolians during their previous military victories and included the shields of the [[Gauls]] who had raided Greece in the 3rd century BC.<ref name=" Mackil 2013 ">{{cite book |title=Creating a Common Polity: Religion, Economy, and Politics in the Making of the Greek Koinon |last= Mackil|first= Emily |year= 2013 |publisher= University of California Press |isbn= 9780520953932|quote= When Philip V sacked Thermon in 218, Polybios tells us that his army hauled away some fifteen thousand shields that been laid up in the stoas. Although the number is surely exaggerated, Polybios’s report suggests that the Aitolians had decorated their stoas with armor taken from enemies, and [[Jean Bousquet]] is certainly correct to surmise that at least some of these were Gallic shields taken as booty in 279. Yet the dedication of shields taken from defeated enemies appears to have been a traditional privilege of the Aitolian strategos, and it would be misleading to assume that all or even most of the dedicated armor at Thermon was Gallic. |page= 214}}</ref> Philip V took immense sums of [[gold]] and treasures and then burned down temples and public buildings of the [[Aetolians]].<ref name=" Vandenberg 2007 ">{{cite book |title=Mysteries of the Oracles: The Last Secrets of Antiquity |last= Vandenberg |first= Philipp |year= 2007 |publisher= Tauris Parke Paperbacks |isbn=9781845114022 |quote= Philip V of Macedonia, with whom the Epirotes were in league, exacted terrible revenge for the Aetolian raid the following year. He razed Thermum, the national shrine of the Aetolians and the meeting-place of the Aetolian League, to the ground. Temples and public building were burned down and more than two thousand votive statues were smashed; only statues of the gods themselves were spared. The booty in money and gold was so vast that Philip was able to rebuild his sacred city of Dion at the foot of Olympus, and the Epirotes, the sacred precinct of Dodona, bigger and better than before.|page=37 }}</ref> Philip was able to force the Aetolians to accept his terms in 206 BC. The following year he was able to conclude the [[Peace of Phoenice]] with Rome and its allies.

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==Perang Makedonia Kedua==

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Pada tahun 200 SM, ketika Karthago tidak lagi merupakan ancaman, orang Romawi menyatakan perang terhadap Makedonia, dengan alasan bahwa mereka mengintervensi untuk melindungi kebebasan orang Yunani. Setelah berperang di Makedonia pada tahun 199 SM dan [[Thessalia]] pada tahun 198 SM, Filipus dan pasukan Makedonianya dikalahkan telak pada [[Pertempuran Kinoskefalon]] pada tahun 197 SM. Perang itu membuktikan keunggulan [[legiun Romawi]] terhadap [[formasi falangs]] Yunani.<ref>Lawrence Keppie, ''The Making of the Roman Army from Republic to Empire'', Barnes & Noble Inc., 1984. pp. 41–43</ref><ref>John Warry, ''Warfare in the Classical World'', Barnes & Noble Inc., 1993. pp. 124–25</ref><ref>Sinnigen & Boak, ''A History of Rome to A.D. 565'', 6th ed., MacMillan Publishing Co. 1977. p. 121</ref><ref>Cook & Adcock & Charlesworth, editors, ''The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. VIII'', Cambridge University Press, 1930. p. 175</ref><ref>H.M.D. Parker, ''The Roman Legions'', Barnes & Noble Inc., 1993. p. 19</ref><ref>Arthur Cotterell, ed., ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Ancient Civilizations'', Penguin Group, 1980. p. 233</ref><ref>Hammond & Scullard, editors, ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary'', 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 809</ref><ref>R. Malcolm Errington, ''A History of Macedonia'', Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1990. p. 203</ref><ref>Peter Green, ''Alexander to Actium'', University of California Press, 1993. pp. 310–11</ref>