Amenhotep II: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 14:
|HorusHiero=<hiero>E1:D40-G36:r-F9:F9</hiero>
|Horus=''Ka Nakht Wer Pekhty''<br>Banteng yang kuat, Kekuasaan yang besar
|Reign=
|Predecessor= [[Thutmose III]]
|Successor= [[Thutmose IV]]
Baris 55:
Amenhotep's first campaign took place in his third regnal year.<ref name="Gardiner 200">Gardiner, Alan. ''Egypt of the Pharaohs.'' p. 200. Oxford University Press, 1964.</ref> It is known that the pharaoh was attacked by the host of [[Qatna]] while crossing the [[Orontes river]], but he emerged victorious and acquired rich booty, among which even the equipment of a Mitanni charioteer is mentioned. The king was well known for his physical prowess and is said to have singlehandedly killed 7 rebel Princes at [[Kadesh]], which successfully terminated his first Syrian campaign on a victorious note.<ref>Grimal, ''A History of Ancient Egypt'', p.218</ref> After the campaign, the king ordered the bodies of the seven princes to be hung upside down on the prow of his ship.<ref>Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p.218. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref> Upon reaching [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] all but one of the princes were mounted on the city walls.<ref name="Grimal, p.218">Grimal, p.218</ref> The other was taken to the often rebellious territory of [[Nubia]] and hung on the city wall of [[Napata]], as an example of the consequence of rising against Pharaoh and to demoralise any Nubian opponents of Egyptian authority there.<ref name="Grimal, p.218"/> Amenhotep called this campaign his first in a Stele from Amada, however he also called his second campaign his first, causing some confusion.<ref name="Gardiner 200"/> The most common solution for this, although not universally accepted, is that this was the first campaign he fought alone before the death of his father and thus before he was the sole king of Egypt, and he counted his second campaign as his first because it was the first that was his and his alone.<ref name="Gardiner, p.200">Gardiner, p.200</ref>
In April of his seventh year, Amenhotep was faced with a major rebellion in Syria by the vassal states of Naharin and dispatched his army to the Levant to suppress it. This rebellion was likely instigated by Egypt's chief Near Eastern rival, [[Mitanni]].<ref name="Redford 162">Redford, Donald B. ''Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times.'' p. 162. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1992.</ref> His stele of victory carved after this campaign records no major battles, which has been read a number of ways. It may be that this campaign was more similar to one of the tours of Syria which his father had fought, and he only engaged minor garrisons in battle and forced cities to swear allegiance to
After the campaign in Amenhotep's ninth year, Egyptian and Mitannian armies never fought again, and the two kingdoms seem to have reached some sort of peace. Amenhotep records that the kings of Babylon, the Hittites, and Mitanni came to make peace and pay tribute to him after his ninth year, although this may be outlandish boasting.<ref name="Redford 164">Redford, Donald B. ''Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times.'' p. 164. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1992.</ref> However, a second passage appears on the walls of Karnak, saying that the princes of Mitanni came to seek peace with Amenhotep, and this cannot be so easily explained away.<ref name="Redford 164"/> The rising power of the Hittites eventually persuaded Mitanni to seek an ally, and there was definitely a treaty of some sort between Egypt and Mitanni by the time of Amenhotep's successor, but it may be that it was enacted after Amenhotep's campaigns, to try to prevent any more of campaigns of mass deportations.<ref name="Redford 164"/> Whenever formal peace was enacted, an informal peace was maintained between Amenhotep and the king of Mitanni. Thereafter, Amenhotep concentrated on domestic matters, with one possible exception. A shrine of Amenhotep's Nubian viceroy shows Amenhotep receiving tribute after a Nubian campaign, but it is not possible to date when this happened.<ref>Peter Der Manuelian, ''Studies in the Reign of Amenophis II,'' p.92. Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge 26, Gerstenbeg Verlag, Hildesheim, 1987.</ref>
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