Kenaikan Yesus dalam seni rupa Kristen: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 5:
Dalam beberapa penggambaran, (dan biasanya dalam [[Gereja Timur]]) [[Bunda Maria]] menjadi figur tengah dari kelompok [[Rasul (Kristen)|Para Rasul]] (mewakili Gereja) yang mengadah ke hadapan Yesus yang naik ke surga yang biasanya melakukan pemberkatan dengan tangan kanan-Nya<ref name=Nes /><ref name=Leonide />
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==Development of the iconography==
[[File:Reidersche Tafel c 400 AD.jpg|thumb|left|180px|''[[Ascension of Christ]]'' and ''[[Noli me tangere]]'', c. 400, ivory, Milan or Rome, now in [[Munich]]. See below for a similar ''Ascension'' 450 years later.]]
Testament scenes that appear in the Christian art of the 3rd and 4th centuries typically deal with the works and [[miracles of Jesus]] such as healings, the [[Feeding the multitude|multiplication of the loaves]] or the [[raising of Lazarus]].<ref name= Jensen51 /> Although versions of the subject of ''[[Christ in Majesty]]'', which show the resurrected and ascended Christ in heaven, appear earlier, the Ascension itself is not depicted until about 400. In early scenes Christ may be shown striding up a mountain, at times the [[Hand of God (art)|Hand of God]] reaching from within the clouds to assist him.<ref name=Ross />
An ivory plaque in [[Munich]] with such a scene is usually dated around 400, and is possibly the earliest Ascension image.<ref name="Kerbrat">Kerbrat, Pierre. "Ascension" in ''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Volume 2'', Richard Barrie Dobson et al., p. 113, Routledge, 2000, {{ISBN|1-57958-282-6}}, {{ISBN|978-1-57958-282-1}}</ref> This was to remain the most common type in the West for several centuries, and for example is repeated in the [[Drogo Sacramentary]] some 450 years later (see gallery). The crucifixion scene is virtually unknown in the 5th century and rare until the 6th century. By the 6th century, however, more images of both the Crucifixion and the Ascension began to appear, perhaps as a result of the theological discussions of the late 4th and early 5th centuries.<ref name= Jensen51 />
The [[Rabbula Gospels]] (c. 586) include some of the earliest images of the Crucifixion and Ascension, and in their Ascension depictions the Virgin Mary occupies a central position among the Apostles;<ref name= Jensen51 >Robin M. Jensen "Art in Early Christianity" in ''The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History'' by Robert Benedetto 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-664-22416-5}} pages 51-53</ref> Christ appears in a [[mandorla]] above, accompanied by angels. This was to remain the standard [[Byzantine]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] depiction.<ref name="Kerbrat"/>
By the 6th century the iconography of the Ascension had been established and by the 9th century Ascension scenes were being depicted on domes of churches.<ref name= Baggley >''Festival Icons for the Christian Year'' by John Baggley 2000 {{ISBN|0-264-67487-1}} pages 137-138</ref> In some representations there may be no mountain and he may be climbing a [[mandorla]], or be lifted towards Heaven in a mandorla by angels.<ref name=Ross /> In [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] depictions sometimes just the feet of Christ are shown as he disappears up into the clouds; this depiction became the most popular in Northern Europe, where it lingered in provincial wood [[relief]]s until well after the [[Reformation]]. Sometimes the last two footprints of Christ on the rock are seen; these were shown to pilgrims at what is now the [[Chapel of the Ascension (Jerusalem)|Chapel of the Ascension]] on the [[Mount of Olives]] in [[Jerusalem]].<ref name="Kerbrat"/> The scene may also include the Apostles, two men in white and the Virgin Mary.<ref name=Ross >''Medieval Art: a Topical Dictionary'' by Leslie Ross 1996 {{ISBN|978-0-313-29329-0}} pages 25-26</ref>
==Structure and representation==
[[File:RabulaGospelsFol13vAscension.jpg|thumb|180px|Ascension in the [[Rabbula Gospels]], 6th century.]]
Ascension scenes fall naturally into two zones, an upper heavenly part and a lower earthly part. The ascending Christ may be carrying a resurrection banner or make a sign of benediction with his right hand.<ref name=Earls >''Renaissance Art: a Topical Dictionary'' by Irene Earls 1987 {{ISBN|0-313-24658-0}} pages 26-27 [https://books.google.com/books?id=xAdrziNnqLIC&pg=PA27]</ref> The blessing gesture by Christ with his right hand is directed towards the earthly group below him and signifies that he is blessing the entire Church.<ref name=Leonide /> In the left hand he may be holding a [[Gospel]] or a scroll, signifying teaching and preaching.<ref name=Leonide >''The Meaning of Icons'' by Leonide Ouspensky, [[Vladimir Lossky]] 1999 {{ISBN|0-913836-77-X}} page 197</ref> From the [[Renaissance]] on the angels may not be present.
The earthly part of the Ascension depictions do not only represent those believed to have been present at the Ascension, but the entire Church.<ref>''The Icon: Window on the Kingdom'' by Michel Quenot 1992 {{ISBN|0-88141-098-5}} page 61</ref> In some Ascension depictions both [[Apostle Paul]] and the Virgin Mary may be present. Given Paul converted to Christianity after the Ascension, and that the New Testament does not directly place the Virgin Mary at the Ascension, these depictions represent "the Church" rather than the specific individuals.<ref>''Christian Iconography: a Study of its Origins'' by [[André Grabar]] 1968 Taylor & Francis Publishers, page 76</ref> In Orthodox icons the Virgin Mary is at the center and Christ can be depicted in a mandorla, supported by angels.<ref name= Baggley /> Christ may be crowned in many such depictions.<ref name= Baggley /> Given that the Gospels do not mention that the Virgin Mary was a witness to the Ascension, her presence of the Virgin Mary in 5th and 6th century depictions of the Ascension such as those in the [[Rabbula Gospels]] are an indication of the important role she played in the art of that period.<ref>''Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective'' by Fred S. Kleiner 2000 {{ISBN|978-0-495-57360-9}} pages 244-245</ref>
The [[Eastern Orthodox]] portrayal of the Ascension is a major [[metaphor]] for the mystical nature of the Church.<ref name=Nes /> Orthodox tradition holds that the Virgin Mary was present during the Ascension and the [[Great Vespers]] of the Ascension state: "She who as your Mother suffered at your Passion more than all, should also enjoy the surpassing joy of the glorifying of your flesh."<ref name=Nes /> Thus in many Eastern icons the Virgin Mary is placed at the center of the scene in the earthly part of the depiction, with her hands raised towards Heaven, often accompanied by various Apostles.<ref name=Nes >''The mystical language of icons'' by Solrunn Nes 2005 {{ISBN|0-8028-2916-3}} page 87</ref> The upwards looking depiction of the earthly group matches the Eastern [[liturgy]] on the [[Feast of the Ascension]]: "Come, let us rise and turn our eyes and thoughts high..."<ref name=Leonide /> Icons are an inherent part of the liturgy of the [[Eastern Church]] and icons of the Ascensions are used in the procession on the feast of the Ascension.<ref>''The Spirituality of the Rites of the Holy Liturgy in the Coptic Orthodox Church'' by Bishop Mettaous 2000, Orthodox Church Press, pages 133-134</ref>
Other scenes with a similar raised figure, that used similar compositions to the Ascension are the [[Assumption of Mary]], rare until the late Middle Ages, the [[Transfiguration of Jesus]], and from the Early Renaissance the [[Resurrection of Jesus]], where he begins to be seen floating clear of the tomb. Perhaps the earliest surviving works to show this iconography of the Rsurrection is the well-known [[fresco]] by [[Andrea da Firenze]] in the Spanish Chapel of the [[Basilica of Santa Maria Novella]] in [[Florence]], which dates to 1366.<ref>Elly Cassee, Kees Berserik and Michael Hoyle, ''The Iconography of the Resurrection: A Re-Examination of the Risen Christ Hovering above the Tomb'', 1984, [[The Burlington Magazine]], Vol. 126, No. 970 (Jan., 1984), pp. 20-24 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/881507 JSTOR]</ref>
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==Galeri==
===Gereja Barat===
==== Lukisan dan mosaik ====
<gallery perrow=4>
File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -38- - Ascension.jpg|[[Giotto]], 14th century
File:Andrea Mantegna 012.jpg|[[Andrea Mantegna]], 1461
File:Pietro Perugino cat48c.jpg|[[Pietro Perugino]] 1496-1500
File:Himmelfahrt Christi.jpg|16th century, German "disappearing feet"
File:Benvenuto Tisi da Garofalo - Ascension of Christ - WGA08474.jpg|[[Il Garofalo|Garofalo]], 1510-1520
File:Rembrandt van Rijn 192.jpg|[[Rembrandt]], 1636
File:The Ascension) by Benjamin West, PRA.jpg|[[Benjamin West]] 1801
File:ND Rosaire mosaïque 03.jpg|[[Rosary Basilica]], [[Lourdes]], 19th century
</gallery>
==== Naskah bergambar ====
<gallery perrow=4>
File:Enluminure Drogon c.jpg|[[Drogo Sacramentary]], c. 850
File:BambergApocalypse10Ascension.JPG|[[Bamberg Apocalypse]], 11th century
File:Folio 184r - The Ascension.jpg|[[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]], c. 1410
File:Bottega di domenico ghirlandaio, ascensione, antifonario edili 148 f. 47v. biblioteca medicea laurenziana.jpg|Workshop of [[Domenico Ghirlandaio|Ghirlandaio]], 15th century
</gallery>
==== Penggambaran ukiran ====
<gallery perrow=4>
File:Himmelfahrt Christi BNM MA158.jpg|[[Anglo-Saxon art|Anglo-Saxon]](?) [[ivory carving|ivory relief]], 8th century
File:Himmelfahrt Christi c 800.jpg|Unusual [[Anglo-Saxon art|Anglo-Saxon]] or Alpine, [[ivory carving|ivory box cover]], c. 750-800 AD, with Mary and the [[Evangelists' symbols]]
File:Ribe domkirke - Kanzel 6 Himmelfahrt.jpg|A rather late version of the "disappearing feet" depiction in wood [[relief]], 1597
File:Aulendorf Pfarrkirche Stuckdecke Christi Himmelfahrt.jpg|Christ ascending alone, [[Aulendorf]], Germany, 1711
</gallery>
===Ikon Timur ===
<gallery perrow=4>
File:The Ascension of Our Lord.jpg|14th century [[Novgorod School]]
File:Ascension from Vasilyevskiy chin (15th c., GTG).jpg|[[Andrei Rublev]], 1408
File:Ascension (Kirillo-Belozersk).jpg|St. Cyril-Belozersky Monastery, 1497
File:Voznesenie Sv. Petka Malovište.jpg|19th century Macedonian icon, Bitola, Macedonia
</gallery>
==Lihat pula ==
{{Commons category|Ascension of Jesus Christ}}
* [[:en:Art in Roman Catholicism|Seni rupa dalam Katolik Roma]]
* [[:en:Christian art|Seni rupa Kristen]]
* [[Kebangkitan Yesus dalam seni rupa Kristen]]
* [[:en:The Reformation and art|Reformasi dan seni]]
* [[Transfigurasi Yesus dalam seni rupa Kristen]]
== Referensi ==
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