Metilendioksimetamfetamina: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:MDMA-Formel.png|ka|jmpl|Metilendioksimetamfetamin]]
'''MDMA''' ('''3,4-[[metil]]en[[oksigen|dioksi]]-[[metamfetamina]]'''), biasanya dikenal dengan nama '''Ekstasi''', '''E''', '''X''', atau '''XTC'''<ref name="nature.com">{{cite journal|last1=Luciano|first1=Randy L.|last2=Perazella|first2=Mark A.|title=Nephrotoxic effects of designer drugs: synthetic is not better!|journal=Nature Reviews Nephrology|date=25 March 2014|volume=10|issue=6|pages=314–324|doi=10.1038/nrneph.2014.44|url=http://www.nature.com/nrneph/journal/v10/n6/abs/nrneph.2014.44.html|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=DrugFacts>{{cite web|title=DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)|url=http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasy-or-molly|publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> adalah senyawa kimia yang sering digunakan sebagai obat rekreasi yang membuat penggunanya menjadi sangat aktif.<ref name=Current2013/><ref name="Acute amph toxicity" /><ref name=Drugs2014/><!-- Quote = producing an energizing effect, as well as distortions in time and perception and enhanced enjoyment from tactile experiences --> Ketika dimasukkan lewat mulut, efek obat ini akan kambuh pada 30–45 menit dan berakhir 3–6 jam.<ref name=Freye2009>{{cite book|last1=Freye|first1=Enno|title=Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs|date=28 July 2009|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-90-481-2448-0|pages=151–160|url=http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_24|accessdate=18 June 2015|chapter=Pharmacological Effects of MDMA in Man}}</ref><ref name=NIH2016/> Obat ini juga terkadang dimasukkan melalui hidung atau diasapkan.<ref name=Drugs2014>{{cite web|title=MDMA|url=http://www.drugs.com/illicit/mdma.html|accessdate=30 March 2016|editor-last=Anderson|editor-first=Leigh|website=Drugs.com|publisher=Drugsite Trust|date=18 May 2014}}</ref> Sejak 2017, MDMA tidak menerima penggunaan medis.<ref name="EMCDDA"/>
<!-- Side effects, chemistry and mechanism -->
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Efek psikoaktif jangka pendek yang diinginkan dari MDMA telah dilaporkan meliputi:
* [[Euforia]] – rasa [[kesejahteraan]] dan kebahagiaan umum<ref name=Current2013>{{cite journal | author = Meyer JS | title = 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives | journal = Subst Abuse Rehabil | volume = 4 | issue = | pages = 83–99 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24648791 | pmc = 3931692 | doi = 10.2147/SAR.S37258}}</ref><ref name="Acute amph toxicity">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greene SL, Kerr F, Braitberg G | title = Review article: amphetamines and related drugs of abuse | journal = Emerg. Med. Australas | volume = 20 | issue = 5 | pages = 391–402 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18973636 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01114.x | quote = Clinical manifestation ...<br />hypertension, aortic dissection, arrhythmias, vasospasm, acute coronary syndrome, hypotension ... Agitation, paranoia, euphoria, hallucinations, bruxism, hyperreflexia, intracerebral haemorrhage ... pulmonary oedema/[Adult respiratory distress syndrome] ... Hepatitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal ischaemia ... Hyponatraemia (dilutional/SIADH), acidosis ... Muscle rigidity, rhabdomyolysis<br />Desired effects<br /> [entactogen] – euphoria, inner peace, social facilitation, 'heightens sexuality and expands consciousness', mild hallucinogenic effects ...<br />Clinical associations<br />Bruxism, hyperthermia, ataxia, confusion, hyponatraemia ([Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone]), hepatitis, muscular rigidity, rhabdomyolysis, [Disseminated intravascular coagulation], renal failure, hypotension, serotonin syndrome, chronic mood/memory disturbances ... human data have shown that long-term exposure to MDMA is toxic to serotonergic neurones.<sup>75,76</sup>}}</ref>
* Peningkatan kepercayaan diri, sosialisasi dan perasaan komunikasi yang mudah atau sederhana
* Efek entaktogenik – peningkatan [[empati]] atau perasaan kedekatan dengan orang lain<ref name=Current2013 /><ref name="Acute amph toxicity" /> dan diri sendiri<ref name=Betzler2017/>
* Relaksasi dan mengurangi kecemasan<ref name=Betzler2017/>
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* Rasa kedamaian batin<ref name="Acute amph toxicity" />
* Halusinasi ringan<ref name="Acute amph toxicity" />
* Peningkatan sensasi, persepsi, seksualitas<ref name=Betzler2017/><ref name=Current2013 /><ref name="Acute amph toxicity"
* Gelisah<ref name=NIH2016/>
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* [http://www.maps.org/research/mdma MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy] Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
nbsp;... pulmonary oedema/[Adult respiratory distress syndrome]▼
{{kimia-stub}}▼
[[Kategori:Senyawa organik]]
[[Kategori:Psikotropika]]
[[Kategori:Amfetamina]]
▲nbsp;... pulmonary oedema/[Adult respiratory distress syndrome]
▲{{kimia-stub}}
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