Sejarah Myanmar: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Baris 226:
Pada era 1980-an, ekonomi Birma mulai tumbuh setelah pemerintah melonggarkan pembatasan-pembatasan terhadap bantuan asing, namun pada penghujung era 1980-an, jatuhnya harga-harga komoditas dan peningkatan jumlah utang menimbulkan krisis ekonomi. Keadaan ini berujung pada upaya-upaya reformasi ekonomi pada 1987–1988 yang melonggarkan kontrol sosialis dan mendorong investasi asing. Meskipun demikian, upaya-upaya ini tidak cukup untuk meredam pergolakan di Birma, ditambah pula dengan 'demonetisasi' secara periodik atas uang kartal asing tertentu ke dalam mata uang Birma. Demonetisasi terakhir yang didekretkan pada bulan September 1987 menyapu bersih dana tabungan mayoritas rakyat Birma.<ref name="ms"/>
 
Pada bulan September 1987, pemimpin ''de facto'' Birma, U Ne Win, mendadak membatalkan pecahan-pecahan uang kartal tertentu, sehingga mengakibatkan ekonomi merosot tajam. Alasan utama pembatalan tersebut adalah takhyul yang sangat dipercaya oleh U Ne Win, yang menganggap bahwa angka sembilan adalah angka keberuntungannya—ia hanya mengizinkan peredaran pecahan 45 dan 90 kyat, karena angka-angka ini dapat habis dibagi dengan angka sembilan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7012158.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Burma's 1988 protests|publisher=|accessdate=4 February 2016}}</ref> Penetapan status Birma sebagai [[negara terbelakang|Negara Terbelakang]] oleh PBB pada bulan Desember di tahun yang sama adalah bukti dari keterpurukan perekonomiannya.<ref name="ms"/>
 
<!-- TriggeredDipicu bytindakan brutal policepolisi repressionatas of studentdemonstrasi-leddemonstrasi yang dipimpin para pelajar protests causing the death of over a hundred students and civilians in March and June 1988, widespread protests and demonstrations broke out on 8 August throughout the country. The military responded by firing into the crowds, alleging Communist infiltration. Violence, chaos and anarchy reigned. Civil administration had ceased to exist, and by September of that year, the country was on the verge of a revolution. The armed forces, under the nominal command of General [[Saw Maung]] staged a coup on 8 August to restore order. During the [[8888 Uprising]], as it became known, the military killed thousands. The military swept aside the Constitution of 1974 in favour of [[martial law]] under the [[State Law and Order Restoration Council]] (SLORC) with Saw Maung as chairman and prime minister.<ref name="ms"/>
 
At a special six-hour press conference on 5 August 1989, Brig. Gen. [[Khin Nyunt]], the SLORC Secretary 1 and chief of Military Intelligence Service (MIS), claimed that the uprising had been orchestrated by the [[Communist Party of Burma]] through its underground organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/BCP_Conspiracy.htm |title=Burma Communist Party's Conspiracy to take over State Power|date=5 August 1989|publisher=SLORC}}</ref> Although there had inevitably been some underground PKB presence as well as that of ethnic insurgent groups, there was no evidence of their being in charge to any extent.<ref name="ms"/> In fact, in March 1989, the PKB leadership was overthrown by a rebellion by the [[Kokang]] and [[Wa State|Wa]] troops that it had come to depend on after losing its former strongholds in central Burma and re-establishing bases in the northeast in the late 1960s; the Communist leaders were soon forced into exile across the Chinese border.<ref name="ms"/>