Pasukan pemelihara perdamaian PBB: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[ImageBerkas:UN Soldiers in Eritrea.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Pasukan Pemelihara Perdamaian PBB di [[Eritrea]].]]

'''Pemelihara perdamaian''', menurut definisi [[PBB]], adalah "cara ntuk menolong negara-negara yang tercabik-cabik k onflik untuk menciptakan kondisi untuk perdamaian yang dapat dipertahankan."<ref>http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/faq/q1.htm</ref>. Pasukan pemelihara perdamaian bertugas memantau dan mengawasi proses perdamaian di wilayah pasca-konflik dan menolong para bekas tentara yang terlibat dalam memberlakukan perjanjian perdamaian yang mungkin telah mereka tandatangani. Bantuan ini dapat mengambil berbagai bentuk, termasuk langkah-langkah membangun rasa percaya diri, pengaturan pembagian kekuasaan, dukungan untuk proses pemilihan umum, memperkuat penegakan hukum, dan pembangunan sosial-ekonomi. Karena itu, Pasukan Penjaga Perdamaian PBB (sering disebut '''Topi Baja Biru''' sesuai dengan topi biru muda yang mereka kenakan) dapat mencakup tentara, polisi sipil, dan para petugas sipil lainnya.

By and large, the new operations were successful. In [[El Salvador]] and [[Mozambique]], for example, peacekeeping provided ways to achieve self-sustaining peace. Some efforts failed, perhaps as the result of an overly optimistic assessment of what UN peacekeeping could accomplish. While complex missions in [[Cambodia]] and Mozambique were ongoing, the Security Council dispatched peacekeepers to conflict zones like [[Somalia]], where neither ceasefires nor the consent of all the parties in conflict had been secured. These operations did not have the manpower, nor were they supported by the required political will, to implement their mandates. The failures&mdash;mostfailures—most notably the 1995 massacre in [[Srebrenica]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and the 1994 [[Rwandan genocide]]&mdash;led—led to a period of retrenchment and self-examination in UN peacekeeping.

The [[UN Charter]] stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world, all member states of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities. Since 1948, close to 130 nations have contributed military and civilian police personnel to peace operations. While detailed records of all personnel who have served in peacekeeping missions since 1948 are not available, it is estimated that up to one million soldiers, police officers and civilians have served under the UN flag in the last 56 years. As of November 2005, 107 countries were contributing a total of more than 70,000 uniformed personnel&mdash;thepersonnel—the highest number since 1995.

The United States provided 26% of the UN peacekeeping budget in 2006.<ref>http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/factsheet.pdf</ref> As of February, [[2006]], there were 372 US personnel (8 troops, 347 civilian police, and 17 observers)<ref name="unpko-summary"/> in worldwide UN peace operations, accounting for 0.5% of the total UN peacekeepers. Current deployments include [[the Balkans]], [[East Timor]], and the [[Sinai Peninsula]]. As commander-in-chief, the President of the United States never gives up command authority over US troops. When large numbers of US troops are involved and when the risk of combat is high, operational control of US forces will remain in American hands, or in the hands of a trusted military ally such as a NATO member&mdash;thoughmember—though the US Department of State insists that the US must "allow temporary foreign operational control of US troops when it serves US interests."

The lack of US involvement in UN peacekeeping operations has drawn criticism from other member states. The comparatively small investment of personnel in UN peacekeeping operations is attributed to "the [[Mogadishu]] factor"&mdash;a—a deep reluctance by US administrations to incur casualties in military operations that do not serve US strategic interests, a lesson supposedly learned in the [[Battle of Mogadishu]] in [[Somalia]].